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The 1800’s has been acknowledged as one of the most historical periods in American history. During this time America was expanding westward creating new businesses and becoming more industrialized causing the economy was progress. The things that were being created during this time were blowing people away. Cities started building skyscrapers and railroads were built across the country, giving transport from the east coast to the west coast. This cost the government billions of dollars, but in the long run it made transporting products faster over long distances. There were a lot of changes that were going on in America, one of the big things was the transition from a regional economy to a national economy. The American system by Henry Clay, the post-civil war, and the creation of the transcontinental railroad all played a role in the transition to a national economy. Henry Clay was the man that created his version of the American system. He was also a part of a group called the Whig party, and they created a new form of federalism. The federalism that they created focused on the federal government, trying to improve and push the economy to the west. According to Myller, “Clay devoted his life to unlocking the vast economic potential of the West” (1996, p.143). During the same time as the Whig party, tariffs were frequently being used to protect American businesses that created revenue and money for the government. Tariffs were taxes that were placed on certain items or purchases that people made. Tariffs were created to give equality to everyone and create a peaceful atmosphere. If tariffs were given out unequally it would have caused problems, possibly making the economy worse. The tariffs were put in to place by the government because it helped regulate the people of America, preventing citizens to overrule the government. It also helped to regulate society to ensure everyone was taxed the same and so that prices on items would be around the same price. Tariffs also helped the government get money to keep functioning and take care of the nation. Many people of the common society may see tariffs as a negative thing were the government takes people’s money, but that money is used to provide a strong stable economy. Tariffs had many benefits and also many flaws, but in regard to the economy, tariffs were a great help with boosting the economy. Another thing that played a role to the national economy was the Post-civil war. This created a big expansion in to the west, making new farmlands, and more railroads. The Post-civil war created a lot of jobs because there weren’t any more slaves. With all of these jobs opening up it still didn’t stop whites from negatively assessing African-Americans. The new economy that was being built helped to recover from the Post-civil war. This new economy was able to help with African-American slavery; those who had just come out of slaver were able to start their new lives as the individuals that they are. They were given freedom, the chance to create new lives, which was a goal of many people in the United States at the time. In this time of recovery from slavery, those who were previous slaves were now allowed the same rights as everyone else and were able to have the same jobs as others did at the time. Those who weren’t previous slaves were able to move forward and away from their wrongs in the past as they learned how to work without, and now alongside, slaves. The abolishment of slavery not only helped with the boost of new economy because there were people with new found rights now able to participate in the economy, but also helped those who felt like they did not have the same human rights as they should have. When the transcontinental railroad was created in America it definitely played a role in development of the national economy. The transcontinental rail road not only created an outbreak in local trade, but also an outbreak in national trade and the result of that was a large influx in the economy, “the railroads promoted the creation of towns and cities as well as the development of land along the route for agriculture, mining, and logging” (Joy 2015, n.d). The way the railroad improved the economy was by the amount of trade that was happening at the time. Both national and local trade were now able to quickly distribute goods, and they had a larger connection between other states as well. Not only did the railroad impact the national economy, but it also affected the merchants who were no able to use the railroad for trading. Beside using the railroad for trade, it was also used for transportation. The use of transportation on the railroad slowly became popular after the initial introduction of the railroad, and was something that the economy became reliant on as a source of income. Although many people were accustomed to the older way of transportation, there was an appeal towards transportation via the railroad because they realized it was a more efficient mode of transportation. Traveling now became more mainstream because getting from place to place was less complicated and because of that the economy improved on a national scale. The rail road had a positive effect in transitioning from an America economy to a National economy. Henry Clay, the post-civil war, and the creation of the transcontinental railroad were all large implements in the improvement of the economy. Henry Clay, along with his version of the American system, was able to witness the use of tariffs which placed taxes on purchases that were made. The post-civil war used the ending of slavery to help with the economy because there were now more people able to work and participate in supporting businesses. The transcontinental railroad used trade and transportation to boost economy as it moved goods and people across the United States. These three factor all played a large role in the progression of the economy that we see today. References Foster, G. M. (1990). Coming to Terms with Defeat: Post-Vietnam America and the Post-Civil War South. Virginia Quarterly Review, 66(1), 17-35. Joy, M. S. (2015). Transcontinental railroad. Salem Press Encyclopedia, Miller, R. (1996). Henry Clay and the American System. The Historian, (1), p143.

The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, began in November 1955 as North Vietnam, with logistical support of the communist China and the Soviet Union, launched a campaign to impose a communist government on South Vietnam by instigating and supporting a revolution. The United States’ government as the result, felt the moral obligation to get involved in the conflict to bring in peace and justice in Southeast Asia by fighting along the South Vietnamese against the communist regime that was being enforced upon them by North Vietnam. Considering the longevity of the war and its complexity, many US presidents were involved in the war and each, had contributed to the fate of this fight for justice. This paper will discuss and analyze the reasons for American involvement in the war as well as the way it was viewed in Vietnam and from the American public, under president Eisenhower through the Nixon administration. The US involvement in the war began slowly in the mid 1950s under the US president and commander in chief Dwight D. Eisenhower, who sent economic aid and military equipment to assist the people of South Vietnam in their effort to prevent a communist takeover. The US government felt that defending South Vietnam from the communist regime was necessary for its stability and human rights in the world. However, the United State purpose behind its devoted involvement in the war was still unclear to the public. Why would the US be so devoted to help another country and have nothing in return? Was the question many people wanted an answer for. In response, the US government rationalized their will to support South Vietnam under the Geneva conference of 1954, which was intended to unify Vietnam and discuss the possibilities to restore peace in Indochina. However, one of the agreements separated Vietnam into two regions, a northern region to be governed by the Viêt Minh and a southern region to be governed by the State of Vietnam. The United States was not happy with the spread of the communist regime as the north was imposing their ideologies on the South of Vietnam. The US, under president Eisenhower, decided to show support to Ngo Dinh Diem, who was president of the council of minister of Vietnam and provided him with the necessary weapons to dissolve communism. in 1959, a document issued by US secretary of State to the American friends of Vietnam, talked about the US policy with respect to Vietnam and how important Ngo Dinh Diem was their democracy “… the dedication, courage, and resourcefulness of president Diem himself. In him, his country found a truly worthy leader…the free world owes him a debt of gratitude for his determined stand at that fateful hour.”1 After some critical analysis of the sources available for this paper, we can argue that, the US strategy was to show their involvement in the war, was somehow masked behind Ngo Dinh Diem. In other words, the US didn’t publicly announce at first that they would do everything in their power to directly stop communism in Vietnam, instead they said that they believed in Ngo Dinh Diem plans (which were also against communism) and will endorse him when necessary. Meanwhile, the American people needed reassurance that the war in Vietnam would not drastically affect their lives. President Eisenhower delivered a speech at Gettysburg college convocation to talk about the importance of understanding. The president wanted the American people take an educated stance in regards of the US involvement in the war: “We need to         “United State policy with respect to Vietnam.” Washington DC, June 1, 1956. understand our country’s purpose and role in strengthening the world’s free nations…freedom and human dignity threatened by atheistic dictatorship”2, said the president during his speech as he claimed that America, the most powerful nation on earth has the responsibility to help other regions in the world to achieve their own democracy. The “godly” mission hypothetically, as we see president Eisenhower using words like “atheistic dictatorship” when referring to the communist regime of Vietnam that he believed were, unethical and immoral. Fact based motives were not part of the speech delivered by Eisenhower. Instead, he used emotions as a way to appeal empathy form the American people. Describing the unfortune situation south Vietnam and how it could potentially correlate to bad times in America as well “The loss of South Viet-Nam would set in motion a crumbling process that could, as in progressed, have grave consequences for us and for freedom.” During the war. John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. president was the second president to deal with the Vietnam war affairs. He sent 16,000 military personnel to Vietnam as combat advisers and also offered his support to Ngo Dinh Diem who by then, became the president of South Vietnam to fight against communist takeover in his country3. The United States remained devoted to the cause of peace with the primary purpose to help the South Vietnamese people to maintain their independence. To do so, President Kennedy tactic was to seek to persuade the communists to give up their attempts to force and subversion while assisting south Vietnam with equipment and advisers. Nothing less, nothing more. In the CBs Television News broadcast program hosted by Walter Cronkite, the US president John Kennedy did make it clear that his goals regarding the war was similar to those of his predecessor when asked about the difficulties America had solving the conflict in Vietnam.         “President Eisenhower’s Address at the Gettysburg college”, The importance of understanding, 1959. The importance of understanding, April 4, 1959 John Kennedy’s plans to end to war resembled the one Eisenhower had, with the exception that, he didn’t consider it as the “American war” as a result, his involvement into it was more constrained “In the final analysis, it is their war, they are the ones who have to win it or lose it… all we can do is help, and we are making it very clear.”4 Said president Kennedy. Despite the American public demanding the US withdrawal from the war. President Kennedy and other experts, including Dean Rusk, the US secretary of state at that time, believed that a withdrawal would be a mistake. Unlike president Eisenhower, Dean Rusk provided the American people with a little bit more factual motives to pursue the war in Vietnam through his speech “The Stake in Viet-Nam- This is no time to quit” before the Economic club of New York in 1963. Dean Dusk made some correlations between the Geneva accord, the United States involvement in the war, and the Northern Vietnam reasons for attacking the Southern part of the country. “communist aggression against south Viet-Nam is, of course intimately related to the refusal of the communists to give full support to the Geneva accord on Laos.”5 Dean Rusk also defended the American involvement in the war by explaining to the public that Vietnam is a “new” nation that’s still structuring itself as a democratic state: “let us recall that we are talking about a nation which has been responsible for its own affairs for less than a decade” said Rusk as he went even further and talked about the political affairs and the inexperience of the south Vietnamese government, which justified their need for assistance from America according to Dean Dusk, U.S. Secretary of State. The third US administration to deal with the Vietnam war, was under president Lyndon B. Johnson, who decide to send American combat forces to South Vietnam and fight in the war. The         “The Stake in Viet-Nam” this is no time to quit, September 3, 1963. Letter from president Kennedy to Ngo Dinh Diem, dec.14, 1961. US was thereby, directly involved in the Vietnam war after the Tonkin Gulf incident in which president Johnson claimed that North Vietnamese forces had attacked U.S. naval vessels operating in international waters in the gulf of Tonkin. Like president Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson had also addressed on the delicate topic of war and other public concerns in front of an academic audience at the Johns Hopkins University: Peace without conquest, in 1965. The president owed the Americans people further explanation for his decision to accelerate military actions upon North Vietnamese communist regime. First, Johnson wanted to make it clear that he picked up from what his predecessors had left, and he had to make readjustment accordingly to the current situations when necessary. This was an intent to keep striving for what the president before him had helped build over so many years, “we are there because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Viet-Nam…I intend to keep that promise.”6 Said Lyndon Johnson. In additional, the United States didn’t want to withdraw from the war because they knew that if they do so, the trust that their Europeans allies and other countries had for them will never be the same. The U.S. didn’t want to put its international relations in jeopardy by withdrawing from the war before it ends: “…to leave Viet-Nam to its fate would shake the confidence of all these people in the value of an American commitment and in the value of America’s word.”7 Unlike his predecessors, President Johnson’s policies were all about the offensive. No more time for long talks and agreements. Let’s get straight to it! “I wish it were possible to convince others with words of what we now find it necessary to say with guns and planes.”8 Said Lyndon Johnson. He also wanted to make it clear that the United States wasn’t seeking for anything for   “The Tonkin Gulf Incident.” Department of state Bulletin, Aug. 5, 1964. “Peace without Conquest” Address at Johns Hopkins University, April 7, 1965. 8 Address to the nation on the war in the Vietnam, Nov. 3, 1969. itself but only that the people of Viet-Nam be allowed to guide their own country in their own way. The Dream of World Order was the outcome the Johnson’s administration was hoping from the war. The way Johnson’s turned the delicate subject of officially declaring war to a foreign country into an ethical decision for the sake of the world was quite clever. In his speech he used strong words like “dream, love or hope” to make people understand that he was initially not for the idea of war but, it was the best and the only option to immediately bring peace and order in the world. The U.S. President Richard Nixon was the last one to deal with the War in Vietnam. His policies were more confused on how to end the war and not so much on helping South Vietnamese to gain back their freedom from the communists like his predecessors did. However, precipitating a withdrawal from the war was not an option for him neither. Instead, he had a strategic approach in order to end the war that he called “Vietnamization” which was the US policy under Richard Nixon of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort back to the government of South Vietnam. Unlike his most recent predecessor, former president Lyndon Johnson who was all about the offensive, Richard Nixon first plan was to negotiate with the other side and find agreements to end war. He had consistently attempted to reach out to the opposite side (North Vietnam, the Soviet Union, and China) and move forward at a conference table toward a resolution of the tragic war but, every time, no common grounds were found in his quest for peace. “Hanoi (the capital of North Vietnam) has refused even to discuss our proposals. They demand our unconditional acceptance of their terms…”9 as the president addressed his attempts for peace to the public.         9 Address to the nation on the war in the Vietnam, Nov. 3, 1969. As a result, President Nixon introduced the new strategy he was willing to put into effect in order to end the war regardless of what happens on the negotiating front. New U.S. foreign policies. The policy involved providing South Vietnamese with the necessary equipment in order to strengthen their defense system so that they could protect themselves when the US leaves. This was to be done by substantially increase the training and equipment of South Vietnamese forces in a way that, as South Vietnamese forces become stronger, the rate of American withdrawal can become greater10. On April 1970, president Richard Nixon, addressed to the nation on progress toward peace in Vietnam following his policy of Vietnamization. Despite the fact that no progress had still taken place on the negotiating front at that time, many Americans troops deployed in Vietnam had returned home and the conflicts in Vietnam were slowly coming to an end.

Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower were two of the presidents that were in office during the time of the Cold War. Both of these men helped the Cold War come to an end in their own special way. These men did many things with foreign polies in political, economic, and in a military way. President Harry Truman was more of a Democrat rather than a Republican. President Truman was not really familiar with international issues. Politically Harry Truman did many things that helped the country. While only being in office for a few days Harry Truman decided to get tough with the Soviet Union. On April 23, President Truman met with Soviet foreign minister Molotov and severely reprimanded him for his violations of the Yalta accords. Truman did have some leverage against him because Russian already had forces in Poland and most of Central and Eastern Europe. President Truman also recognized the Warsaw government. In doing so he was hoping that the noncommunist forces would expand their influence there. President Truman at the Potsdam in July, in Russia’s portion of Germany. He met with Stalin and Churchill. He ended up accepting the adjustments of the Polish-German border that Stalin had longed for. President Truman also refused to permit the Russians from claiming reparations from the French, British, and American zones of Germany. Since he did this it confirmed that Germany would stay split. President Truman supported Chiang Kai-shek during the rivalry between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong even though he knew it was a lost cause, because the United States still wanted a strong pro-Western force in Asia. Ultimately, they ended up looking to Japan for that strong force. Stalin was trying to gain control over the sea-lanes to the Mediterranean and communists were threatening the pro-Western government in Greece. President Truman created a new policy known as the Truman Doctrine. In this Doctrine he argued for that the new policy for the United States should be that the United States should support any free people who are trying to resist armed minorities or outside pressures. He also requested that $400 million to give aid to Turkey and Greece. Congress quickly approved this. President Truman was able to reach an agreement with France and England to merge the three western zones of Germany into a new West German republic. When China fell to communism President Truman called for a review of the American foreign policy. During the Korean war President Truman lost major support. President Dwight Eisenhower was more of a Republican rather than a Democrat. Politically President Eisenhower was not as extreme as his secretary of state John Dulles. When Fadel Castro cam into power in Cuba President Eisenhower stopped all diplomatic relations in Cuba. Both President Truman and President Eisenhower opposed communism. Economically President Truman did many things. President Truman gave aid to Greece and Turkey to help them fund the fight against communism. President Truman used the Marshall Plan to give aid to all of Western Europe to rebuild their political and economic systems. He did this because he feared that Europe would stay as an economic drain on the United States unless they could quickly rebuild. He also wanted a strong European market for American goods. The most important reason for giving Europe aid was because the United States feared that if the pro- American governments did not stay strong, they would fall to the communist governments. President Eisenhower responded to the United Fruit Company that argued that the Guatemalan Government was potentially communist by ordering the CIA to help topple the Guatemalan Government. President Eisenhower also helped build the Damn across the Nile river in Egypt. Both President Truman and President Eisenhower helped foreign countries economically to prevent communist overtakes. Militarily President Truman was not prepared to give aid militarily to help Chiang Kai- shek during the rivalry in China. However, Chiang’s government was corrupt and incompetent which also stopped President Truman from supporting them with military assistance. When the Korean war began the United States immediately joined the conflict. Both the United States and the Soviet Union had troops in the Korea fighting the Japanese. When neither force would leave, they ended up dividing the nation. President Truman also sent the Berlin Airlift to help the people of Berlin get food and supplies when the Stalin put up the Berlin wall completely cutting the people in West Germany off from the outside world. When it came to the military President Eisenhower did a few things. President Eisenhower sent the CIA to help topple the new leftist government of Jacob Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala. President Eisenhower also created the Eisenhower Doctrine that proposed that the United States send U.S. troops to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of the Middle East. President Eisenhower used this to send troops to Egypt to help build the damn across the Nile river. To conclude, President Truman and President Eisenhower were apart of two different parties President Truman being a Democrat and President Eisenhower being a Republican. President Truman dealt with Greece, Turkey, the rebuilding of Europe economically, and the Berlin Airlift and the Korean war when it came to what he did with the military. President Eisenhower dealt with toppling the Guatemalan government and building a damn in Egypt when it came to what he did with the economy and military. Both these men handled there political power the best way they thought they should. While they did separate things for the foreign economy, political power, and how they used the military, they both were against communism and did everything they could to stop it from spreading.

Donald Trump's campaign for the week of September 11th to September17th2015 was covered extensively and differently on various platforms. The campaigns information flow of this week was conveyed differently to the public. Every member of the public who followed Donald's campaign information flow can attest to the fact that it was vividly conveyed on social platforms. For instance, his personal website (Donaldjtrump.com, 2015) and twitter page (Twitter.com, 2015) demonstrate his mindset and how he portrays himself to the public. The Huffington Post and the New York Times covered issues such as immigration and national security. Donald Trump's Issues of concern such as American security, strengthening American currency and Immigration were covered extensively. According to Donaldjtrump.com, (2015), China is an American enemy who bilks billions of dollars annually through its practices of the devaluation of American currency. Moreover, his passion for American citizen security was clearly portrayed when he twitted," I love America. And when you love something, you protect it passionately--fiercely, even." As it clearly appears in this social site, this political candidate has strong belief and love for his motherland. The main idea of this platform was to show clearly the members of the public the need to shield the American currency from devaluation by American enemies. American security appears to be among the top agenda of Donald Trump's campaign. According to Donald, any country or any individual in the globe who threatens the well-being of an American citizen is an American enemy (Topics.nytimes.com, 2015). He categorically enumerates all his plans such as strict and severe sentences against enemies of the American land. Any country in the world that possesses any security problems to the American people was not to be condoned in any way. All immigrants are at risk following Trump's suggestion that once he gets becomes the president of the United States he will deport them to their mother countries, Dates 2015) Donald Trump appears to have very strict intentions on foreign policy. To protect the American economy from deteriorating, he suggests strategies such as improving industrial and the general infrastructure sector. He strongly believes that good economic strategies are the only thing that will save America from being engulfed in an economic tsunami. According to his opinion as portrayed by various platforms that connect American citizens and even the world, shunning disastrous economic trends, will keep American economy a notch ahead. Additionally, this will make it hard for any country to overtake united state as the world's biggest economy. Human rights are seen to of big concern in his campaign and ideologies. American people rights and freedom should be protected and respected irrespective of the skin color or part of the world. Promoting human rights and freedom will trigger consumer development in the United States economy. Environment protection is human rights of all human races, and hence it should be taken very serious. Legacy media and digital sites clearly show Trump's interest in American prosperity and portray what he wants to achieve as the president that has never been realized. Through his website and social media pages, there are details about what he intends to achieve by the end of his term. In legacy media, there are views of other people especially experts about the merits of some of these opinions. There are breakdown and clarification on how a candidate's decisions and policies can be beneficial to an individual, the society and the country as a whole. Most of the coverage in legacy and digital media is based on facts though some articles have the opinions of journalists and other people like politicians and professionals. These media tend to provide factual information. They aim at enlightening their readers through quality and unbiased information. For instance, the coverage of the debate that occurred during the night of September the 16 in Simi Valley, California. These media sources provided facts on how the candidates responded to questions and engaged experts in analyzing these responses. They discussed how the candidates would improve their ratings in polls as the campaigns progressed by changing their tactics and how they could perform better on these debates. Donald's personal website and social pages are channels of his opinion and thoughts. On social media, Trump gives his comments on different issues such as the Iran Nuclear deal that he considers bad to implement. He also posts many videos on Twitter that cover his interviews where he expresses his views on different topics and issues. Trump clearly states his support to second amendment rights (Breitbit.com, 2015). His website tabs concentrate on news about how a supporter can get involved in his campaign operations. The page also provides an option for donating to his campaign; this website is mostly based on his campaign activities and may not give many facts about him. However, there is clear indication on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter that not all citizens of the United States are buying Trump's ideas. For instance, discussions like those on the hash tag #DonaldTrump, are people's opinions on Donald Trump's leadership (Twitter.com, 2015). Some of the posts are propaganda spread by individuals who do not support him. Some of the tweets and images published on these discussions tend to be abusive on Trump thus their probability of presenting factual information to the public is negligible. The posts are normally short, and if there is additional information, it is provided through links to sites and blogs that have no credibility. Citizens should not believe all the information on a candidate that is in various forms of media because some of them are biased. They should be more careful in selecting sources to rely on for information. People's comments and posts on social media should be evaluated carefully to avoid misleading. If neutral information is required, one should check out credible legacy media stations and newspapers. In conclusion, Election Day decisions by the citizens should be based on vital issues like tax and immigration reforms. Trump's decision on immigration was evacuating all foreigners from the American land (Date S.C 2015). Candidate character and school of thoughts should be deeply be evaluated during the election process. According to Topics.nytimes.com, (2015), the American economy can be saved from collapsing by electing the right person who has knowledge on basic economic issues. The candidate must have a good record and experience in management of and equitable distribution of national resources. Concisely, the decision of election should be inconsiderate of their sex, race, religion and affiliation to elect the right leader. Reference Breitbit.com, (2015). Donald Trump: ‘Fully Support and backup the Second Amendment'. Retrieved from http://www.breitbit.com Date S.C (November 24, 2015). Is This the End of Donald Trump? National Journal, 5(2), 23-24. Donaldjtrump.com, (2015). Show Your Support For Donald Trump. Retrieved 29 September 2015, from http://www.donaldjtrump.com Huffingtonpost.com, (2015). Search Results Trump. Retrieved 29 September 2015, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/search.php/?q=trump Newsmax.com, (2015). Donald Trump 2016: 12 Noteworthy Tweets about GOP Presidential Hopeful.Retrived http://www.newsmax.com Topics.nytimes.com,     (2015).     Donald    Trump.     Retrieved    29    September     2015,    from http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/donald_j_trump/index.html Twitter.com, (2015). #Donald trump - Twitter Search. Retrieved 29 September 2015, from https://twitter.com. Twitter.com. (2015). Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) | Twitter. Retrieved 29 September from2015,https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump

The recent controversial killings of minority groups by US police officers have triggered a universal debate on the racial bias within the police departments among the law enforcement communities around the US. "Racism is an organized and dynamic system in which the dominant racial group, based on a hierarchical ideology, develops and sustains structures and behaviors that privilege the dominant group, while simultaneously disempowering and removing resources from racial groups deemed inferior" (Gee et al., 2019). Racism has persisted in US conversations as a result of the historical happening that involved slavery. Racial inequities in employment outcomes are driven in part by legacy effects of structural racism and systems and actions in the present day, including deliberate discrimination, unconscious bias, systemic practices, and structural barriers (Strauss, 2019, April 22). Discrimination makes it hard for people of color to move ahead in life and in the workplace. This study will focus on the racial discrimination exhibited in the US police departments and specifically on the case of Austin's police department. Structuralist theory shines a light on the behaviors that are expressed in the workplace, and which are outset. This theory's behaviors are perceived to be uncontrollable since they are already in the public domain or rather imported from the outside workplace (Saucedo, 2009). The theory links workplace discrimination to the biases that are already emanating from society in general. The biases may be conscious or unconscious. Structural discrimination is a more complex and subtle form of discrimination in the workplace. The first generation transfers discriminatory behavior to the corning generations, and it, therefore, forms a pattern in a discriminatory structural setting. The structural theory influences the political, social, and cultural formations at the workplace. The case of Austin Police Department, claims of racist, aggressive culture and sexist culture that the cadet academy has grappled with for some time now. A statement made by the City Manager, Spenser Cronk, "Racist language, slurs, intolerance, and derogatory behaviors­ implicit or explicit-are completely unacceptable in our organization and it is my expectation that every person is treated with dignity and respect" demonstrates how the problem has engraved the Austin Police Department. (Neely, 2020, May 04). As the City’s Manager, Cronk suspended the cadet class on the grounds of racism in the police department. The decision was met after eight complaints were leveled against the dominant group; the white officers in the department. An investigation was launched on the department to review bigotry and the materials used in the cadet training course (KUT, n.d.). The investigation followed after a formal allegation indicating that the former assistant chief of police used racist terms to refer to the black people and was an employee of the alleged department. At the onset of these allegations, the white counterparts came out strong in retaliation against the black community for going public about the racist allegations (Perez, 2020, January 15). The status quo in the department requires dire attention to the cultural issues affecting the department (Barajas, 2020, April 22). The public called out for the police chief to be fired. The law states that a police chief can only be demoted and not fired, and the only person who can do that is the Cronk, the City Manager (Audrey McGlinchy, 2020, June 18). Cronk announced his decision regarding the issue. According to Autullo (2020, June 18), "The memo says Cronk will propose a budget for next year that shifts several functions that have traditionally been handled by the Police Department to other departments." Reports for 2018 from the Austin Police Department on police car pulled over shows that 15% constituted black people and their white counterparts had a zero probability of being pulled over (Devenyns, 2020, February 05). The disparities in the motor vehicle stops have increased tremendously over the years. The department was not ready to make comments on the reports and needed much time to assess the report (KVUE, 2020, February 29). The police department is grappling with racial profiling amid nationwide conversations about the same. The decision to audit the department was made in perspective to address the ever-emerging discrimination or potential bias in the department (Winkle & Cho, 2020, May 4). Over the past decade, various jurisdictions have popped up across the US to assess racial profiling. Racial disparities are measured by the biases and use of language concerning the minorities in the US (Hofer, 2020, February 19). Structural discrimination in the workplace is evident in the APD. The City manager decided to stop the cadet classes at the onset of complaints against racial discrimination by the minorities at the department. Since the problems of discrimination in the APD, the City Manager has taken the situation with a lot of concern, and he is willing to work around the clock to end the menace. Discrimination at the workplace is structurally embodied from one department to another, and the dread can be triggered by the nature of leadership in the workplace. Senior police officers, especially the chief of police, should be an example to the junior officers fighting against discrimination at the workplace on the grounds of color, culture, transgender, sexual orientation, and disability. The workers need to work together in unison regardless of the socio-cultural disparities in day to day life. Racial discrimination and other forms of discrimination will be a thing of the past. References Audrey McGlinchy, K. (2020, June 18). Austin Police Chief Brian Manley will keep his job despite calls for his removal, city says. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https ://www.texastribune.org/2020/06/1 8/austin-police-chief-brian-manley-keeping-j   ob­despite-resignation-calls/ Autullo, R. (2020, June 18). Cronk to eliminate 100 Austin police positions, delay cadet Class. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.statesman.com/news/2020061 7/cronk-to­ eliminate-100-Austin-police-positions-delay-cadet-class Barajas, M. (2020, April 22). For Austin Police, Claims of Racism Are Only the Tip of the Iceberg. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.texasobserver.org/for-austin-police­claims-of-racism-are-only-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/ Gee, G. C., Hing, A., Mohammed, 5., Tabor, D. C., & Williams, D. R. (2019). Racism and the life course: Taking time seriously. American journal of public health, 109(51), 543-547. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/1    0.2105/AJPH.2018.304766 Hofer, J. (2020, February 19). Ethical Hurdles to Combating Racially Biased Police Algorithms: Jonathan Hofer. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https ://www.independent.org/news/ article .asp?id= 13060 Neely, C. (2020, May 04). Austin city manager delays June police academy class as audit into racist, discriminatory culture continues. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https ://communityimpact.corn/austin/ central-austin/public-safety/2020/05/04/austin-city­ manager-delays-june-police-academy-class-as-audit -into-racist -discriminatory-culture­continues/ KVUE, A. (2020, February 29). APD racial profiling complaints more than tripled from 2018 to 2019, report says. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.kvue.com/article/news/local/apd-racial-profiling-cornplaints-rnore-than­ tripled-frorn-2018-to-2019-report-says/269-eb531b4f-1970-4032-bdb3-2989772a798f KUT, A. (n.d.). City Delays Austin Police Academy Class To Finish Reviewing How Courses Are Taught. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from https://www.kut.org/post/city-delays­austin-police-acaderny-class- finish-reviewing-how-courses-are-taught Perez, A. (2020, January 15). Several Austin police officers of color claim retaliation by peers for speaking up against racism, Austin Justice Coalition says. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.kvue.corn/article/news/local/austin-police-officers-of-color-retaliation-racism-allegations/269-a1802790-6cbc-4d35-beb4-46a9807fe4f 4 Saucedo, L. M. (2009). The Three Theories of Discrimination in the Brown Collar Workplace.  U. Chi. Legal F., 345. https://chicagounbound. uchicago. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article= 1 446&context=uclf Strauss, B. (2019, April 22). Battling Racial Discrimination in the Workplace. Retrieved July 13, 2020,  from https://www.dcpolicycenter.org/publications/battling-racial-discrimination-in­the-workplace/ Winkle, K., & Cho, Y., (2020, May 4) Austin police academy postponed until July amid discrimination audit. In-Depth Investigative. Retrieved from https ://www.kxan.com/news/local/ austin/ austin-police-academy-postponed- until-j uly­amid-iscrimination-audit/

Research title: An Assessment of How Technology Can Be Used to Transform the Traditional Healthcare Industry to A Smart Hospital Network in the United States Introduction Since the establishment of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1970, there has been an accelerated adoption and development of health information technology in the health care industry with carrying evidence (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). Over the years there have been advancements in technology as the world has been technologically evolving. Modern technology has led to the emergence of various devices in the past decades; for instance, smartphone and smartwatches are examples of devices that have been developed through technology in the past decades. Daghan (2017) reveals that technology has affected the lives of people by enhancing efficiency in the healthcare industry, making communication more convenient between individuals, bringing advancements in medicine, presenting better opportunities for learning, and making it easier for individuals to access information. Technology has become the leading factor for change in various organization across the world. The healthcare industry is one of the sectors that has been impacted by technology over the years. Technology has presented opportunities for improvement in the healthcare industry by reducing the cost of healthcare services, improving clinical outcomes, reducing human errors, improving the quality of services, promoting patient experience, enhancing patient-physician relationships, facilitating care coordination, enhancing decision making and patient data  collection (Alotaibi & Federico, 2017). These opportunities have been achieved through the use of healthcare information technology to promote patient safety. According to Alotaibi & Federico (2017), patient safety is defined as the amelioration, prevention, avoidance of injuries or adverse outcomes stemming from various healthcare processes. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released an article titled "To err is human" in 1999 that aimed at testing and developing new technologies that aimed at reducing human or medical error in healthcare. Over the years, Technology has been adopted in the healthcare industry to promote patient safety and outcomes. The aim of this research proposal is to assess various ways through which the healthcare industry can transition to a smart hospital network that will reduce the cost of healthcare, reduce medical errors, and promote patient safety and outcomes in the United States. The scope of the research proposal has been narrowed to reducing cost of care, improving patient-physician relationships, improving decision making, enhancing data collection, and promoting patient experience. The above research topic is important because technology presents an opportunity for improving healthcare experience and the internet brings health to everyone. My interest in this research topic grew because the cost of healthcare in the United States has been known to be high despite the integration of technology to the healthcare system within the nation; therefore, change is needed to reduce the cost of healthcare and this can be achieved by fully transitioning from the traditional healthcare industry to the smart hospital network. The research objectives for this proposal are as follows: To assess how technology has been adopted into the healthcare industry in the United States. To assess the effectiveness of technology in the healthcare industry in the United States when it comes to reducing the cost of healthcare, reducing medical errors, improving patient-physician relationships, promoting patient experiences, and promoting patient outcomes and safety. To identifying how to transition to a smart hospital network that will reduce the cost of healthcare. 2.0 Literature Review In the United States, technology has brought a massive change to the healthcare industry in various ways. Technology has presented benefits to patients in the United States by increasing accessibility to treatment, improving the efficiency of care, reducing human error in healthcare, offering means to track data over time, and reducing the cost of care. One of the major concerns affecting the healthcare industry in the United States over the years has been the cost of healthcare services. Literature indicates that the use of a number of technological devices has been adopted in the healthcare industry today in the United States. These technological devices have been adopted for various reasons in the healthcare industry which include reducing the cost of healthcare, improving communication within the industry, enhancing data collection, and to provide easier access to healthcare services. A number of resources were examined that support these subsections of the research proposal. The Cost of Healthcare According to Peter G. Peterson Foundation (2020), the cost of healthcare services in the United States in the year 2018 was 11,000 dollars for each individual which total to 3.6 trillion dollars for the whole population during the year. Peter G. Peterson Foundation (2020) continues to reveal that the cost of healthcare in relation to the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) has increased to 18% in 2018 from 5% in 1960. Therefore, the literature proofs that despite the adoption of technology to the healthcare industry in the United States, the cost of healthcare is still high. Moreover, there have also been medical errors recorded in the healthcare industry in the United States that have also contributed to the high cost of healthcare services. According to Harmer, Lee, & Saadabadi (2020), over 20 billion dollars are spent each year on medical errors and over 100,000 deaths are recorded annually due to medical errors. The issue of increased cost of healthcare services, medical errors, patient-physician relationships, patient experiences, and the need to improve patient safety has increased the interest in researching on transforming the traditional healthcare industry into a smart hospital network. Some of the scholarly research that has been done on technology and the healthcare industry have been undertaken by Kelly et al. (2020), Thimbleby (2013), Wu & Luo (2019), Tian et al. (2019), Loncar-Turukalo et al. (2019), amongst others. In this scholarly works, the authors have identified how technology has been adopted to the healthcare industry across the world. These works of literature further identify how the cost of healthcare services continues to be high despite the technological innovations being adopted in the healthcare industry. The differences in these literature sources are on the authors arguments on the causes for the rise of healthcare services. The literature research by Harmer, Lee, & Saadabadi (2020) highlights the occurrence of medical errors in the healthcare industry as the leading cause for the rise of the cost of healthcare services in the United States. On the other hand, Wu & Luo (2019) and Tian et al. (2019) highlight in their scientific research that access to healthcare services is the leading cause for the high cost of healthcare services. The methods used for research in these articles was the examination of other literatures that exist in this field. The authors compared information from various researches to come into conclusion on their research hypothesis for each scientific research literature. The gap in the above scientific researches is in the provision of healthcare services and technological devices that can eliminate the occurrence of medical errors in the healthcare industry. Technological Devices in the Healthcare Industry Various researches had been done in recent years on how information technology and technological devices have been incorporated into the healthcare industry and the benefits of the incorporation of these devices have been identified through evidence. Kelly et al. (2020), Loncar-Turukalo et al. (2019), Sarkies et al. (2015), are some of the researches that have been focused on the impact of technological devices on the healthcare industry. The similarity in these articles is that majority of these research literatures are focused on how these devices have promoted patient safety, reduced medical errors, reduced the cost of healthcare services, and enhanced access to healthcare services. Kelly et al. (2020) in their research have identified how the internet of things (IoT) streamlines and enhances healthcare delivery to the population in aspects of diagnosing diseases, monitoring and treatment of conditions, and predicting health issues. In this literature, the authors identify technological devices such as smart phones, digital medications, computing devices, portable devices, and other portable devices that can connect to the internet and used to measure health data. The authors in these scientific researches derived their information from other literature researches than have been conducted before and they compiled the data that was relevant to their study hypothesis. While this research assess how the IoT can be integrated to the healthcare industry, it fails to identify the specific technological devices that will impact the healthcare industry if their use is adopted. 2.3 Technology and Communication in Healthcare The use of various technological devices has been linked to improving communication within the healthcare industry. In their research, Ahmed et al. (2020) proposes the use of a technological device to improve commination between healthcare providers themselves and between physicians and patients. The research proposes the use of a flexible hybrid optical-radio wireless network for the purpose of providing wireless connectivity for communication in hospitals. The research proposes using hospital resources and the availability of technology to enhance communication within hospitals. The above research also utilized literature from previous studies on the technological device and how it can be adopted into the healthcare  system. Moreover, a research conducted on scientific literature from 2010 to 2019 shows that technology has been on the forefront in enhancing communication in the healthcare industry (Loncar-Turukalo et al., 2019). This literature research focused on scientific articles published between 2010 and 2019 and looked to identify how emerging technologies were addressing challenges being faced in regard to communication, patient documentation, and the security and safety of using these technological devices. The literature revealed that the use of technology in communication in hospitals and the healthcare industry was key to reducing the occurrence of medical errors. The research utilized a scoping methodology in the identification and processing of literature that was available on the research topic. Both scientific literatures utilized a scoping methodology to assess previous materials on the topics that have been published. However, a gap exists in both literatures as they fail to identify how healthcare providers and patients will be able to utilize these devices to effectiveness in enhancing communication within the healthcare industry. 2.4 Technology and Data Collection in Healthcare Technology has also had an impact on data collection in the healthcare industry. Previous research outlines various technological devices that have been utilized in data collection and the impact that the use of these devices has had on the healthcare industry over the years. Sarkies et al. (2015) conducted a research to determine the effectiveness of using technologically advanced methods for data collection in healthcare as compared to the use of old manual methods of data collection. In their research, the authors utilized electronic patient management programs to collect data and compared the results with the use of manual data collection methods from ward­ based sources. A research by Dash et al. (2019) also outlines how the internet of things (IoT) is also applied in big data in healthcare. In this literature, the authors identify how technology has been utilized in collection, management, and analysis; which leads to better decision making in healthcare. Further research has also been carried out on smart technologies that have been adopted in healthcare. The scholarly work by Tian et al. (2019), Thimbely (2013), Alotaibi & Federico (2017), and Daghan (2017) are examples of researches that highlight how technology has been adopted into the healthcare industry and the impact of this technological innovation in the healthcare industry. Research shows that the use of technologies such as smartphones and other portable devices have played an essential role in improving access to healthcare services. Scientific literature by Batista & Gaglani (2013) highlights the importance of smartphone in the provision of healthcare services. The authors highlight that a smartphone is a primary technological device that is found in majority of homesteads in the United States and its use by physicians to provide healthcare services has improved access to healthcare services. The above scientific literatures highlight that these technologies that have been adopted into the healthcare industry are for the purpose of improving the quality of healthcare services, improving patient experiences, promoting the relationship between physicians and reducing medical errors. All these factors translate to a reduced cost of healthcare services. However, the cost of healthcare services in the North American countries, which includes the United States, remains to be high when compared to other countries. The above literature relates to the proposed study as this research looks to address patient-physician relationships, decision making in healthcare, patient experience, medica errors, and patient safety and outcomes through the use of technology with the aim of reducing the cost of healthcare services. The gaps in the above scientific literatures presents an opportunity for this proposed research. 2.5 The Gap in Scientific Literature The above literature review provides a resourceful introduction to the topic of study and opens up the gap evident for this proposed research. This literature review aligns with the objectives of this study and the gaps within the scientific literatures have also been identified. The literature shows that technology has been adopted into the healthcare industry but the devices being utilized are not effective enough to reduce the cost of healthcare within the United States. The gaps within the literature also indicate that the healthcare provides are not utilizing these technologies effectively to reduce the occurrence of medical errors. Another gap in the literature that presents an opportunity for this proposed research is the underutilization of smartphones and other portable smart devices to provide healthcare services to the larger population. The proposed research shall also look to identify other technological means that have not been covered in the above literature that can be used to improve access to healthcare services in remote areas. 3.0 Statement of the Problem The high cost of healthcare services, medical errors, and communication have been identified to be major concerns that technology looks to address in the healthcare industry as seen in the scientific literatures reviewed above. The gaps in the literature resources above present an opportunity for research that aims at identifying ways to improve the effectiveness of the technological devices in place in the quest of reducing the cost of healthcare services, eliminating medical errors, and improving communication in the healthcare industry. The gap that needs to be addressed in this research is other technological devices that can be utilized to improve access to healthcare services and how smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices can be utilized effectively to increase access to healthcare services. Improving the access to healthcare services will reduce the cost of healthcare services. Another gap to be addressed is the effective utilization of technological devices in data collection and communication to address the challenge of medical errors and poor communication in the healthcare industry. The anticipated benefits and outcomes form this proposed research is the decrease in the cost of healthcare services, improvement in communication between patients and healthcare providers, and elimination of medical errors in the healthcare industry. The researcher shall benefit from the proposed research by gaining knowledge on the application of technological devices in the healthcare industry and the impact they have on service delivery. Moreover, the research shall also be able to identify the gaps that exist in current literature that will enable them to identify ways in which they can be able to address these gaps. Research Questions What technological devices have been adopted in the healthcare industry in the North Americans? How have these technological innovations and devices effectively impacted the healthcare industry in the United States? What advancements can be made to the technological innovations to reduce the cost of healthcare, reduce medical errors, improve patient-physician relationships, enhance patient experiences, and promote patient safety and outcomes?   References Ahmed, I., Karvonen, H., Kumpuniemi, T., & Katz, M. (2020). Wireless communications for the hospital of the future: requirements, challenges and solutions. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 27(1), 4-17. Alotaibi, Y. K., & Federico, F. (2017). The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi medical journal, 38(12), 1173. Batista, M. A., & Gaglani, S. M. (2013). The future of smartphones in health care. AMA Journal of Ethics, 15(11), 947-950. Daghan, G. (2017). Views of Students about Technology, Effects of Technology on Daily Living and Their Professional Preferences. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology- TOJET, 16(4), 187-194. Dash, S., Shakyawar, S. K., Sharma, M., & Kaushik, S. (2019). Big data in healthcare: management, analysis and future prospects. Forni, A., Chu, H. T., & Fanikos, J. (2010). Technology utilization to prevent medication errors. Current Drug Safety, 5(1), 13-18. Harmer, B., Lee, S., & Saadabadi, A. (2020). Suicidal Ideation. StatPearls [Internet]. Health Management (2020, February 20). The Impact of Digital Technology on Healthcare. Health Management, Retrieved, May 21, 2021, from, https ://healthmanagement. org/cl cardio/news/the-impact -of-digital-technology-on­ healthcare Iqbal, S. M., Mahgoub, I., Du, E., Leavitt, M. A., & Asghar, W. Advances in healthcare wearable devices. Kelly, J. T., BHlthSc, M. N. D., Campbell, K. L., Gong, E., & Scuffham, P. (2020). The Internet of Things: Impact and Implications for Health Care Delivery. J Med Internet Res, 22(11), e20135. Loncar-Turukalo, T., Zdravevski, E., da Silva, J. M., Chouvarda, I., & Trajkovik, V. (2019). Literature on wearable technology for connected health: scoping review of research trends, advances, and barriers. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(9), e14017. Peter G. Peterson Foundation. (2020, April 20). Why are Americans Paying More for Healthcare? Peter G. Peterson Foundation, Retrieved, May 21, 2021, from, https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2020/04/why-are-americans-paying-more-for­healthcare#:   :text=In%202018%2C%20the%20United%20States.to%201  8%20percent%20in%202018. Sarkies, M. N., Bowles, K. A., Skinner, E. H., Mit-chell, D., Haas, R., Ho, M., & Haines, T. P. (2015). Data collection methods in health services research-hospital length of stay and discharge destination. Appl Clin Inf, 6, 96-109. Thimbleby, H. (2013). Technology and the future of healthcare. Journal of public health research, 2(3). Tian, S., Yang, W., Le Grange, J. M., Wang, P., Huang, W., & Ye, Z. (2019). Smart healthcare: making medical care more intelligent. Global Health Journal, 3(3), 62-65. Wu, M., & Luo, J. (2019). Wearable technology applications in healthcare: a literature review. Online J Nurs In f, 23, a.

Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of America, composed legal arguments, speeches and love stories where words mattered most. Lincoln used his language as a vehicle for both expressing his complex feelings and ideas as well as an instrument of empowerment and persuasion. The most interesting facts about Lincoln is that although many American presidents come from educated and prominent homes, Lincoln did not. He grew up in the backwoods of Kentucky and then Indiana where he rarely enjoyed the privilege of having full-time schooling. Despite this fact, Lincoln rose in the society to become a shop owner then a lawyer and the president of US (Thomas, 2008). Although Lincoln was not privileged to have the formal education he achieved all this by teaching himself. He used to read whatever he could get his hands on and then transcribe his favorite passages and quotes from the works he read.  In addition, he could recite long poems at will and also seemed to know the entire Bible by his heart. Therefore, these life-changing events and practices from his early life greatly influence his writings. Lincoln was greatly affected by the historical and political issue of the time that largely influenced his writings. For instance, the finest writings of Lincoln grew out of the trails of war that were unified by their efforts to discern the mysterious will of God within the unfolding bloody history. Therefore, the happenings of the civil war affected the writing style of Lincoln. He struggled to discern what role abolition and slavery played in the historic conflict (Basler & Sandburg, 2008). Through his addresses, he was able to give insights and addresses on slavery and conflict together with leadership quotes that have shaped the American literature. Lincoln understanding of other literary works from different authors influenced his writing. For example, it is evidenced that Lincoln loved poetry, especially for Robert Burns and Shakespeare. The two remain the most perennial favorites of Lincoln who influenced his leadership and writing style. Lincoln could quote the verses of Burn by the hour since both their lives presented an interesting parallel in that they were born to obscurity and poverty and then rising to the heights of popularity and fame through long years of handwork. Therefore Lincoln was greatly associated with Burn who is also an American writer of the time since he found a kindred spirit in him where his works spoke to Lincoln's heart disappointments, sorrows and innermost yearnings that they had both experienced in their backgrounds (Basler & Sandburg, 2008). It is believed that to cope as well as understand his melancholic disposition, Lincoln turned to poetry with its stirring, rhythmic and sometimes haunting words. Some of the American authors who literary works influenced Lincoln include; Aesop, Leonard Bacon, Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Shakespeare, Mill and William Scott among others. As noted earlier, the literary works of Lincoln composed legal arguments, poets, quotes, speeches and love stories. In the American literature, the speeches of Lincoln are highly regarded as the point of reference among them being the Gettysburg address of 1863 as he delivered an address and honored the fallen soldiers in their quest for liberty and equality during the civil war. Some of the major poetry works written by Lincoln include; my child I see again, the bear hunt, memory, To Rosa and the suicide's soliloquy (Thomas, 2008). In addition, Lincoln also authored the greatest books in American literature such as speeches and writings, on war, the Gettysburg address, the Lincoln-Douglas debate and the unfinished revolution. The major motifs or themes addressed by Lincoln in his works included; slavery, visions of America, politics, duty, sadness, memory and the past, fate and free will and death. The popularity of Lincoln began in his early days where the public was highly receptive to his principles, eloquence, and respects for the rule of law. Lincoln highly respected public opinion which was highly tied to his public language respect. He was a very careful and detailed speaker who would seldom make any idle comments in the public for the sake of talking to hear himself or to just gratify his audience. As a literary figure, Lincoln was keen on details, capture the emotions and feelings of the audience, and covered the daily occurrence in his life and those of the Americans. The contributions of Abraham Lincoln through his oratory and writings laid the basic foundation for the development of the American literature today. Among other authors such as Robert E. Lee, Abraham Lincoln left behind the pattern of Christian heroes that through their works acted upon the stage of liberation and war in history (Fussell, 2015). Lincoln brought the sense in American literature during his time by showing the importance of rationality in writings that were guided by the principles of equality, liberty, and justice. It is evident from the discussions above about the literary works of Lincoln that like any other national works of literature, the American literature was shaped by the country's history that produced it such as slavery and civil war. Therefore, the development of American literature has been molded by various factors such as the two world wars, internal conflicts, the rise of industry and science as well as changes in ways of feeling and thinking (Fussell,  2015). Abraham Lincoln has left a vast of legacy writings that remains famous in the history of America. In my opinion, he is one of the American greatest and marvelous writer who wrote the humblest letters to the greatest speeches of all time such as the emancipation proclamation, the Gettysburg address and the inaugural address. He memorably crafted his sentences in that they resonate across the years. For instance, in the Gettysburg address, he pointed out that "fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."  (Basler  & Sandburg, 2008). Therefore, Lincoln was not only a historian and prolific American writer but a man whose works has continued to shape and influence the American literature. References Basler, R., & Sandburg, C. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: His speeches and writings. Hachette UK. Fussell, E. S. (2015). Frontier in American Literature. Princeton University Press. Thomas, B. P. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: a biography. SIU Press.

Warriors Don't Cry a memoir by Melba Patillo Beals in which she recounts the obstacles she encountered as a teenager trying to acquire education. In 1957 Beals and other eight black children entered Little Rock Central High School. Each of these students had chosen to join an all-white school for various reasons; either it was closer home, offered more courses than their former school, or had a right to attend the school. The move to join Little Rock came after a Supreme Court ruling in the Brown vs. Board of Education, which confirmed the existence of separate all white/black schools as unlawful. The nine students showed great personality and bravery in the face of hardship. Presently, these students are referred to as the Little Rock Nine and have their place in the history of America's civil rights movement. This essay looks at how racial relations changed between the time of integration and 1987 when Melba Patillo met Governor Bill Clinton as captured in Warriors Don't Cry. Beals begins by portraying the challenges they faced in their quest to acquire education due to racial bias. She says that we "maneuvered our way past the angry mob to enter the side door of Central High." (Beals, 1995) Beals and her colleagues' decision had ignited protests by those who were against black children joining an all-white school. Nonetheless, the students braved the mob, which even entered the school to throw them out. It became worse that President Eisenhower had to use the army to guard the black students all day long in school. Beals, in her memoir, says that together with her counterparts, they paid for the integration of Central High with their innocence and endured both physical and psychological punishment. Looking back at these events, by the time Beals met Governor Clinton in 1987, she expected that the fight for human rights could have been won. She says that "if you had asked me in 1957 what I expected, I would have told you by this time our struggle for human rights would have been won." (Beals, 1995) Beals acknowledges that racial prejudice still exists in America despite decades of fighting for human rights. She is puzzled by the racial relations in America, but she still holds on to her grandmother's words no matter how challenging the battle is, warriors should keep going. From her grandmother, she also holds that each individual's responsibility is to stand and fight for their rights rather than waiting upon doomed hope. Nonetheless, Beals acknowledges that since 1957 there has been significant progress in bridging racial relations in America. Despite being puzzled by racial relations in America, Beals is hopeful since what her grandmother said to her is visible-that with time and love; God unravels our challenges. (Beals, 1995) This is seen when Beals visits Central High in 1987 for the initial reunion black and white residents of little rock shake hands. Additionally, a white man greeted Beals and gave her directions even though he could not recognize her from newspaper photos. Beal's interaction with Governor Bill Clinton in his house depicts not only progress in bridging racial relations but also creates a feeling of content. Accompanied by her eight colleagues, Beals hung out with Bill enjoying soft drinks and peanuts; Bill displayed respect for their contribution to civil rights. The reunion and the visit to Bill's house became treasurable moments. Since the time of integration to 1987, when Beals met Bill Clinton, racial relations in America had made significant progress. Despite racial prejudice against black Americans persisting, schools' integration and the events during the reunion depict progress. This progress is a result of an ongoing fight against racial discrimination. Therefore Black people can only continue to stand and fight for their rights rather than doomed hope.   Source Beals, M. (1995). Warriors Don't Cry: Searing Memoir of Battle to Integrate Little Rock . Simon and Schuster

The divisions among American women, based on race, ethnicity, class, and ideology, have been significant throughout history, from the Reconstruction era to the Third Wave Feminism movement. These divisions have shaped the experiences and struggles of women, often leading to diff erent priorities, perspectives, and goals within the broader feminist movement. Starting with the Reconstruction era, which followed the American Civil War, the United States faced the challenge of rebuilding and redefining its society. During this time, women's rights activists began advocating for suffrage and equal rights for women. However, even within this early stage of the feminist movement, divisions based on race and ethnicity were evident. White middle-class women were at the forefront of the suffrage movement, seeking to secure the right to vote and gain more legal and political rights. They faced significant challenges and opposition, but their experiences were distinct from those of women of color. African American women, for example, faced the dual struggles of racism and sexism, fighting for both civil rights and gender equality. The Reconstruction era, with its political and social upheaval, presented a complex landscape for women's rights activists. While the abolition of slavery was a significant step forward, it also brought to the forefront the need to address the rights and status of women in society. However, despite their shared experiences of gender-based discrimination, white and black women faced distinct challenges that were influenced by racial and class divisions. White suffragettes, primarily from middle and upper-class backgrounds, often focused on their own struggles for suffrage and women's rights without fully acknowledging or addressing the intersecting issues faced by black women. This prioritization of their own concerns marginalized the voices and experiences of black women, who were simultaneously fighting against racial injustice and the denial of their basic civil rights. The struggles of black women, who faced both racial and gender discrimination, were often overlooked or dismissed within the larger women's movement. The exclusion and marginalization  of black women within the feminist movement during the Reconstruction era highlighted the profound impact of race and class hierarchies on  collective progress. The emphasis on race and class divisions hindered the formation of a unified front and diluted the effectiveness of the movement. By failing to recognize and address the intersecting oppressions faced by women of diff erent racial and class backgrounds, the broader women's rights movement struggled to achieve its goals of equality and justice. However, it is important to note that there were notable exceptions to this division. Some white suffragettes, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, recognized the importance of addressing both gender and racial inequalities and actively advocated for the rights of black women. Similarly, black women, including prominent figures like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells, played crucial roles in advocating for both racial and gender equality. The Progressive Era was indeed a time of heightened activism and social reform, with the feminist movement playing a significant role. However, the feminist movement itself, there were notable divisions based on ethnicity and class. Working-class immigrant women, in particular, faced distinct challenges that diff ered from those experienced by middle-class suffragettes. Working-class immigrant women during this era often found themselves living in impoverished   conditions and working in factories, where they encountered numerous hardships. Their struggles encompassed issues such as long working hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and inadequate housing. Consequently, their focus within the feminist movement revolved around labor rights and the improvement of their living and working conditions. While middle-class white women were primarily concentrated on securing the right to vote, working-class immigrant women had more immediate concerns that directly impacted their daily lives. They recognized that the right to vote was crucial but believed that it was not their most pressing issue. Instead, they sought to address the immediate challenges they faced in their workplaces and communities. Despite the ideological divisions within the Second Wave Feminism movement, it is significant to know that these diff erences also led to a rich and multifaceted discourse on gender equality. While radical feminists and liberal feminists had differing approaches, their collective efforts contributed to significant progress in challenging gender discrimination and shaping the feminist agenda. Radical feminists, who emerged as a prominent voice during the Second Wave, sought to dismantle the patriarchal system entirely. Argued that gender inequality was deeply ingrained in social structures and called for a complete transformation of society. Radical feminists challenged traditional gender roles and norms, highlighting the oppressive nature of the patriarchy and advocating for women's liberation. They believed that true equality could only be achieved by challenging and dismantling existing power structures. However, liberal feminists aimed to work within existing systems to achieve gender equality. They focused on legal and policy reforms, seeking to address gender discrimination through legislative changes. Liberal feminists emphasized the importance of equal opportunities and advocated for equal pay, reproductive rights, and workplace equality. They believed that by working within established institutions, incremental changes could be made to achieve gender equality over time. While these ideological diff erences created tensions within the movement, they also sparked productive debates and discussions. The diverse range of perspectives enriched the feminist discourse and allowed for a deeper understanding of the complex issues surrounding gender inequality. The tensions between radical and liberal feminists often led to innovative strategies and tactics being developed to address various aspects of gender discrimination. The Second Wave Feminism movement in 1920 which granted women the right 1 to vote was successful in raising public awareness about issues such as gender discrimination, reproductive rights, and workplace equality. The movement paved the way for legal reforms and social changes that continue to shape gender dynamics today. Ultimately, the ideological divisions within the Second Wave Feminism movement were not detrimental to its overall impact. Rather, they reflected the diverse perspectives and strategies adopted by feminists in their fight for gender equality. The debates and tensions that arose from these diff erences further propelled the feminist movement forward, fostering critical dialogue and ultimately expanding the scope of feminist activism. These divisions continued during the first and second waves of feminism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While some white suffragists focused on securing voting rights for women, African American women were often marginalized and excluded from mainstream   1https:Uwww .womenshistory .org/exhi bits/femi nism-second-wave   suffrage organizations. Prominent figures like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells fought for both racial and gender equality, recognizing the interconnected nature of their struggles. Class divisions also played a role in dividing American women throughout history. Early feminist movements were often driven by middle and upper-class women who sought to challenge their societal roles and gain more opportunities. African American women faced unique challenges as they struggled not only against gender discrimination but also racial oppression. The women's suffrage movement of this era primarily focused on securing voting rights for white women, neglecting the rights of African American women. These women were caught in the intersection of two forms of discrimination, facing a twofold battle for equality. Despite their pivotal role in the broader struggle for women's suffrage, African American women found themselves marginalized and excluded within the suffrage movement itself. Organizations like the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)2  which aimed to secure voting rights for women through a constitutional amendment. Susan B. Anthony's tireless activism and advocacy efforts have left a lasting impact on women's rights and continue to inspire generations of activists.  Was and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) predominantly prioritized the concerns and goals of white women, inadvertently overlooking the unique experiences and challenges faced by African American women. One prominent example of this exclusion was the 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C., where African American women were initially told to march separately at the back of the procession. Frustrated by this blatant discrimination, African American suffragists like Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell asserted their rightful place by refusing to march in segregated groups, demanding equality within the movement3. As the feminist movement progressed into the first and second waves in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, racial tensions continued to persist. The suffrage movement, aiming to secure women's right to vote, was marked by divisions along racial lines. Some white suffragists, while fighting for their own enfranchisement, excluded African American women from their organizations and events, reinforcing racial discrimination within the feminist movement. Women of color faced additional challenges, such as institutionalized racism, economic disparities, and "severe unemployment rates4 ." As a response to these intersecting forms of oppression, the concept of intersectional feminism emerged. Intersection al feminism which is "A form of feminism emphasizes the recognition that systems of oppression affect individuals in distinct  ways due to factors such as race, class, ability, sexuality, and other characteristics 5." This organization acknowledges that women's experiences are shaped by the intersections of various identities, including race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and more. It recognizes that struggles against sexism   https:   jwww.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association-records/about-this­ collection/#:-:text=The%20National%20Woman%20Suffrage%20Association.federal%20amendment%20for %20women's%20suffrage . https://guides.loc.gov/american-women-essays/marching-for-the-vote 4https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3734&context=gc       etds#:-:text=Black%20women %20also%20faced%20severe,of%20unemployment%20for%20white%20women . 5   https:  jwww.humanrightscareers .com/issues/what-is-intersectional-feminism/#:-:text=lntersectional %20feminism%20is%20a%2otype. %2C%20sexuality%2C%20and%20other%20characteristics    .   cannot be divorced from struggles against racism, classism, or other forms of discrimination. Intersectional feminism seeks to create a more inclusive and equitable feminist movement by centering the experiences and voices of women who face multiple forms of oppression. It aims to address the unique challenges faced by women of color and other marginalized groups, promoting solidarity and recognizing the interconnected nature of various systems of oppression. Understanding and addressing racial and ethnic divisions within feminism is essential for  creating a more just and inclusive society, where all women can fully participate and thrive. Ideological diff erences have also contributed to divisions within the feminist movement. Feminism encompasses a range of perspectives and approaches, and diff ering ideologies have shaped the movement's trajectory. For example, during the Second Wave Feminism of the 1960s and 1970s, diff erent feminist factions emerged. Liberal feminists focused on achieving legal and political equality, fighting for reproductive rights, equal pay, and anti-discrimination legislation. Radical feminists challenged the patriarchal system as a whole, seeking a complete transformation of society to eradicate sexism. Cultural feminists emphasized the value of women's unique qualities and roles, aiming to revalue traditionally female qualities and contributions. These ideological divisions often led to debates and disagreements within the feminist movement. While all feminists shared the goal of gender equality, the strategies and priorities they emphasized differed, reflecting their distinct ideological perspectives. It is important to note that throughout history, efforts have been made to bridge these divisions and create a more inclusive feminist movement. Intersectional feminism emerged as a response to the intersectionality of diff erent forms of oppression, recognizing that women's experiences are shaped by the intersections of race, class, gender, and other identities. This approach aims to address the specific needs and challenges faced by women from diverse backgrounds. The Third Wave Feminism movement, which gained prominence in the 1990s, sought to incorporate intersectional perspectives  and expand the feminist agenda to include issues such as body positivity, LGBTQ+ rights, and global feminism. This wave emphasized individual empowerment and recognized the diverse experiences and identities of women. In conclusion, the divisions among American women based on race, ethnicity, class, and ideology have been significant throughout history, from the Reconstruction era to the Third Wave Feminism movement. These divisions have shaped the experiences and struggles of women, often leading to diff erent priorities, perspectives, and goals within the broader feminist movement. From the early exclusion of black women in the suffrage movement to the ideological differences between radical and liberal feminists, these divisions have highlighted the challenges of achieving unity and solidarity among women fighting for gender equality. However, it is important to recognize the progress that has been made in addressing these divisions. The emergence of intersectional feminism and the incorporation of diverse voices and perspectives have paved the way for a more inclusive feminist movement that seeks to address the unique challenges faced by women from diff erent backgrounds. By acknowledging and embracing the intersections of race, ethnicity, class, and ideology, the feminist movement can continue to strive for a more equitable and just society for all women.     Citation Research Guides: American Women: Topical Essays: Marching for the Vote: Remembering the Woman Suffrage  Parade of 1913. (n.d.). https://guides.loc.gov/american-women­ essays/marching-for-the-vote About this Collection  I National American Woman Suffrage Association Record s  I Digital Collections  I Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association­ records/ about-this-collection/#:  :text=The%20National%20Woman %20Suffrage %20Association,federal%20amendment%20for%20women's%20suffrage.   Feminism:  the Second  Wave. (2020, June 18). National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/exhibits/feminism-second-wave Women and W omen and Work: African American W ark: African American Women in Depr omen in Depression Er ession Era America. (n.d.). Sarah Ward.

  Race has played a gigantic role in Texas history. In my essay I will convey multiple examples on how race shaped the history of the great state of Texas. I chose this theme because to me this was the best way to relate to the assignment and present the information. I believe race is one of the most important components to understand Texas history. The race is a categorization of people based on shared physical and social traits into discrete groups within a particular culture. Initially, the phrase was meant to refer to users of a shared language; later, it has been used to relate to national loyalties. For over 14,000 years ago, diff erent races began to arrive in what is now known as the Americas. Over centuries, a varied group of American Indians established empires on the continent of Texas, establishing sophisticated cities and creating complicated trading networks and complex social structures (Smith, 2009). However, Europeans changed this when they first landed on what was to become the Texas Gulf Coast throughout the 16th Century; such long-standing Native American cultures were upended. Several prominent American Indian tribes were displaced and destroyed. In contrast, many more were destroyed due to the loss of control over resources, such as food and land, by the United States government. Early races in Texas   The notion of race in indigenous Texas may be traced back to the earliest forms of civilization. The Karankawas were among the very first Native Americans in Texas to come into contact with Europeans. In 1528, the remnants of a Spanish catastrophe included explorer Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, who washed up on the shore and lived among the indigenous people for six years (La Vere, 2004). Greater than three hundred years later, by 1685, the Karankawas invaded and destroyed the little French town of Fort St. However, over many decades after European colonization, more racial segregation occurred. Europeans captured and enslaved an increasing number of Red Indians, with many slaves arriving from   Africa. The continual influx of new tribes impacted the survival of the first races in the state of Texas. Upon the arrival of European settlers, the residents of Central Texas did not belong to the indigenous inhabitants of Texas. The Tonkawa and Caddo were among the two most significant indigenous races in Central Texas (La Vere, 2004). When Europeans invaded the region, the Caddo territory reached only much further west as the escarpment, while the Tonkawa range covered the Edwards Plateau region. The Caddo people had huge communities, farming, and well-developed urban culture. At the same time, The Tonkawa belonged to a semi-nomadic community of buffalo hunters who practiced minor cultivation and settled in sparsely populated areas. The latter hunted mammoths on Buttermilk Creek but had probably come a few hundred to thousands of years before European settlers. The Atakapa, Mariame, Karankawa, and Akokisa were a few American Indian races who lived along the Texas Gulf Coast. They lived near the beach during half of the year and moved up to 30 to 45 miles inland the rest of the year, although they were also semi-nomadic. Hunting, fishing, and foraging for tubers and other fruits and vegetables allowed them to adapt eff ectively to living on the ocean's edge. It wasn't long before they came up with inventive solutions to common problems, such as smearing their bodies in alligator and shark grease to ward off mosquitoes. Finally, most western and eastern states have indigenous populations and traditions, both contemporary and traditional. These peoples and distinct cultures are prominent and apparent in the public domain. There are only three small reservations left in Texas. The Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas and the Kickapoo, mostly on the Rio Grande - were established for migrants Native Americans. This means the survivors of tribes who were compelled into Texas from original homes and lands in the eastern parts of the United States. Although they were originally from now New Mexico, many of the Tigua Indians who live   on Texas' third reservation, which is in the El Paso region, were, in fact, immigrants from that state, people who fled their homelands during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680.   The beginning of the 19th century would be the beginning to a long period of violence and war in Texas that would almost lead to the removal of Hispanic presence. In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte, French military leader, forced Spain to give up power of Louisiana as a part of his grand scheme to have his own French empire in North America. When his plan succeeded, he sold the territory back to the United States in 1803. This sale of land was called the famous Louisiana Purchase. A lot of conflict would begin to occur after the Louisiana purchase such as the Mexican War of Independence. There were many deadly battles throughout the war but the bloodiest battle to ever occur on Texas soil happened in 1813 and led to the deaths of thousands of Tejanos. This bloody battle left Nacogdoches completely abandoned and left San Antonio in ruins. Mexico was able to gain independence after winning the war against Spain.   This period after Mexico gained independence is most known as Mexican Texas. Mexico had been struggling for independence for about a decade and this long fight had left the nation in a dire situation. Throughout the war hundreds of thousands of lives had been lost and injured leaving most of the country in grief of their loved ones. With so many lives being lost the country was uneasy. Apart from that, agriculture was completely ruined, and this was a huge problem for the entire country as this is something that everyone relies on. Mexico was trying to build their empire back up and one of the things they needed to do was form a solid national government. In 1823 the country decided to move from a centralized monarchy to a federal republic. In 1822, Father Refugio de la Garza (San Antonio's parish priest) arrived in Mexico City as Texas's delegate to the Imperial congress, and he came with a list of things that Texas   needed to improve. One of the things that he had on his list was that Texas needed a military campaign to stand against the Indians. He also stated that they would need to build a barrier to protect them from both Indian and foreign intruders. Father Refugio de la Garza had a small amount of success as some of the colonization and secularization laws that he supported was passed but most were not. He was unable to get the government to take him serious enough to address the troops that were already situated in Texas let alone expand their military power and get more troops. When Stephen F Austin left for Mexico City in 1833, there was an influx of people from the United States illegally crossing the Sabine and not acknowledging the Law of April 6. These people were influenced by a book on Texas by Mary Austin Holley who is Austin Connecticut's cousin. In this book she depicted what it was like to live in Texas in the Anglo colonies at that time. She used convincing language throughout her book like "even privations become pleasures" and "people become ingenious in overcoming difficulties." People now looked at Texas as a land of wealth. The Spanish and Mexican officials saw the Anglo-American  colonization as a great opportunity to improve Mexico after its devastation after the war. They also saw it as an opportunity to diminish the threat of US expanding. Although everything looked like it was going to go plan by 1830 the immigration from the United States was way out of Mexico's control and with Mexico losing control that gave America room to move in. Race played an enormous part in America's expansion into Texas. Just think about this you were a certain skin color you were taken out of your home and everything in your world that you worked for has crumbled just because of the color of your skin. Your way of life was altered without their consent just because someone wanted to better their family, they tear down another.   After the 1819 Adarns-Onis Treaty defined the U.S.-Mexico boundary, Spain began actively encouraging Americans to settle their northern province. Texas was sparsely settled, and the few Mexican farmers and ranchers who lived there were under constant threat of attack by hostile Indian tribes, especially the Comanche. This shows that two races were already there that they came and uprooted them and their loved ones.   Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 and became the 28th state. Until  1836, Texas had been part of Mexico, but in that year a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas declared independence. The annexation of Texas contributed to the corning of the Mexican American War. Essentially that's what the war was, the name of it is the evidence." Mexican American" sounds like a race war to me. U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a "manifest destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border battle along the Rio Grande started the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When everything was said and done, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory. Now that is a clear example of one side conquering another side, I.E. Mexican American. "The Mexican government seemed equally determined to avoid losing any part of her national domain" Western Historical Quarterly Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 161-174 (page 1).   This shows you that they were ready to do whatever it took to succeed. This race war was over territory that ended up being settled by government officials after the American warpath.   In April 1836 gained Texas its independence. Texas requested immediate admission into the United States, but opposition from the North to the addition of another slave state to the Union. The last time I checked slavery was the ownership of a human being used for work without pay. So, Americans owed people of color to expand the United States all   because one race felt more superior than another to take them and use them anyway, they saw fit. What do you mean by expanding? you may ask, let me elaborate. African Americans did all the dirty work so America could be where it is today.   Race has been a huge influence on the expansion of America. Since the start, it was us verse them. When I say that expression, I mean the Americans versus whoever they wanted to trounce. Race is embedded into the United States, the examples that I've given in this text are proof that race played a gigantic part in expanding America into Texas. With that expansion came with the oppressing of a certain demographic of people that where enslaved because of it.   Texas is one of the states that reveals a great history of slavery in the United States. Throughout the entire state, Texas acts as a condensed version of the slavery practice as an entity. Texas had urban and rural environments where slavery was treated diff erently based on the circumstances and rulers' altitude towards the African Americans. Even if slavery had begun to fall apart in various parts of the Southern United States, Texas had rigidly embedded slavery in its fabric. The African Americans had been inextricably tied to the history of Texas since its past colonization days. Despite the African, American Texans being a subject of racism and oppression, violence, slavery, and discrimination created their culture and community. Through their valuable cultural and historical contributions, they developed the Texas state.   Texas was a unique state as it had both mixed rural plantations and urban environments where slavery was first practiced and was made a vital activity of the state's economy. According to Calvert et al. (2020), 30% of the Texas population were slaves in these rural plantations in 1860. Slavery was treated as an economic institution because it was profitable to most Texas landowners who acquired slaves. Slavery for Africa Americans was     not practiced in the Northern part of America despite being the most industrialized part of America. The Northern natural environment was efficient because the landowners harvested large amounts of cotton (Calvert et al., 2020). The cotton plantation was the primary source of passive income throughout the Texas state because goods were produced and manufactured from the plant. Due to these production and manufacturing mechanisms in the cotton industry, African American slavery continued to become a vital cog.   As per Beamish (2017), slavery began to end in some parts of the urbanized South before the civil war was raised. However, this is not the case in Texas; there was rampant militancy of the slave owners, especially in the urban areas. Unlike other slaves in the U.S who had given up on being treated violently by the whites, the Texan Black slaves did not resolve social control across the state as they had the willingness to endure and persist torture in the plantations. In the white patriarchal culture, it was embedded that the Mexicans were taken out of Austin upon being charged with interrupting the city slaves (Buenger, 2016). Mexico had outlawed the practice of slavery earlier ago thus, and Texas acquired its unique virtue of identity that separated the Hispanic population from the whites and practiced subsequent assimilation in the U.S (Beamish, 2017). Slavery was part of the Texas lifestyle for the Hispanic population. On Juneteenth, Arnette Gordon Reed tells personal tales about Texas and American racism by taking us through the unrelenting racism hidden in Texas history. Gordon-Reed combines the history of America, family chronicle dramas, and searing memoir episodes to give a historian view of Texas's long journey to Juneteenth. Gordon-Reed further recounts the origin of slavery in Texas and illustrates the vast challenges that African Americans went through during the 19th century (Gross, 2021). Gordon-Reed is aware of the cowboys, ranchers, oilmen narratives that dominated the Lone Star State lore; thus, she forges her home state narrative with the implications of all the enslaved people driven to Texas.   Ultimately, Texas was much more conservative than in other U.S Southern parts where slavery was rampant. There were fewer chances of anti-slavery laws liberalization before the civil war began. Slaves were the link to handling all types of production and were merely visible society members in Texas because the state was poorly mechanically industrialized compared to the North. The Texas slaves were willing to endure slavery, violence, and discrimination no matter painful the torture was. The whites successfully encouraged slavery because the slave population rapidly increased than the other population, and both the urban and rural industries became highly dependent on slavery labor.   In my paper I have provided an abundant amount of evidence that shows race has aff ected Texas history. Some of it good some bad but none the less shaped the history. Without these components Texas wouldn't be Texas and you ask so what? So, what if slavery didn't happen well let me tell you. One there wouldn't be so much division in the world today as there is. Two African American would not be looked upon as a lesser species than others and last it would have made the United States a better nation. Work Cited     Beamish, I. (2017). Capitalism and Second Slavery in Texas.     Buenger, W. L. (2016). Texas and the South. Major Problems in Texas History, 3.     Calvert, R. A., De Leon, A., & Cantrell, G. (2020). The history of Texas. John Wiley & Sons.     Gross, T. (2021). "On Juneteenth" Historian Examines The "Hope" And "Hostility" Toward Emancipation.  NPR.org.  https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/ 1000131568/on-juneteenth­ historian-examines-the-hope-and-hostility-toward-emancipation   La Vere, D. (2004). The Texas Indians (No. 95). Texas A&M  University Press.   Smith, F. T. (2009). Historic Native Peoples of Texas by William C. Foster. Southwestern Historical  Quarterly, 112(3), 315-316.