Expert Finance Assignment Help That Maximizes Your Academic Returns

Introduction Organizations do not operate in a vacuum but rather they thrive in a dynamic environment that has a significant direct impact on how the organizations operate as well as their ability to achieve their set goals. There are various types of business organizations depending on their size, scope, and risks or liabilities affiliated. All these types of organizations are comprised of sets of functions or departments that must cooperate fully for the success of the organization. The organizations interact with the external environment, and these interactions have both positive and negative impacts on the organizational operations and determine the success or failure of the businesses. LO1: Explain the different types, size, and scope of organizations Organizations can be differentiated based on their core operational objectives. In this regard, some organizations are primarily set up for profit, while others are charitable organizations whose primary goal is not seeking profits (Hall, 2016). Most of the nonprofit organizations are also classified as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which are organizations that are set up to serve the public and social welfare with no governmental affiliations (Bendell, 2017). On the other hand, a nonprofit organization is established to serve the public, but the members of the organizations cannot receive a share of the profits or losses incurred by the entity during its operations. The opposite of an NPO and for-profit organization is that in a profitable organization, the shareholders claim a share of the profits and losses of the entity (Bendell, 2017). Business organizations are of different sizes, starting from powerful multinational brands to micro-organizations, which are all established for purposes of making profits. SMEs are a category of business organizations that accounts for the stack majority of the operational businesses today. This is a category of organizations that are made up of organizations that employ less than 250 people and have an annual turnover of less than $50 million. The employee headcount and the annual turnover are the determinants of entities that fit into the SMEs category (Wirtz et al., 2016). Every business organization requires deciding on its legal structure since this has a significant implication on its operations, how it raises its funds and its distribution of profits. There are many different types of legal structures that SMEs can adopt, but the most common ones include sole proprietorship, private limited companies, and partnerships (Wirtz et al., 2016). Sole proprietorships are legal structures in which the business is owned and controlled by a single person. The owner of the business is liable for all aspects of the entity including finances because, in this setup, the owner and the business are not legally separate entities. Therefore, the owner keeps all the profits of the business, but also incurs the losses it may make in its operations. These entities are easy to set up and they generally require a small amount of initial capital and as such, most organizations operate as sole proprietorships during their initial stages of operation (Bendell, 2017). Partnerships are business organizations that are owned by two or more parties, with the relationship between these parties being governed by a deed of partnership which defines the scope and structure of the partnership, specifies the responsibilities of each partner, profit and loss distribution, and the investment obligations of each partner. These partnerships are similar to sole proprietorships in that they have no limited liability and thus the partners are responsible for the debts of the entity (Bendell, 2017). On the other hand, limited companies are incorporated, and thus they are separate legal entities with their legal status from that of their owners. These companies must have a constitution that helps the shareholders regulate their partnership, and since the company is a legal entity, it can own assets, enter into contracts, and it can sue or be sued at a court of law. Companies can be limited by shares or by guarantee (Wirtz et al., 2016). Those that are limited by shares are owned by shareholders whose financial responsibility in the company is limited by the value and amount of the shares they own, while those that are limited by guarantee are owned by guarantors whose liability is limited to a fixed amount called a guarantee that must be paid in an event the company fails to pay its debts. In this regard, there are two primary types of limited companies: Private limited companies and public limited companies (Hall, 2016). The primary differences between these two types of limited companies include that the private companies are closely held and they require at least two people to be formed, while the public limited company is publicly owned and traded and it must have at least seven people to be legally set up (Hall, 2016). Also, the maximum membership of a public company is unlimited, with at least three directors, while a private company cannot exceed 200 members with only two of them required to be directors. Shares transfer in private companies is limited while it is free in the public companies, and even though the private companies can opt to have a statutory meeting or not, the public companies are obliged by the law to have such meetings (Wirtz et al., 2016). All business organizations operate in a field where the market forces of demand, supply, prices, and efficiency are at work. These market forces are governed by the law of supply and demand which is an economic theory that explains the way supply and demand relate to and affect each other as well as other forces in the market. This is a fundamental economic principle that states that when the supply is more than the demand for a commodity in the market, the prices of the commodity falls (Hall, 2016). Conversely, prices go up when the demand is beyond the market supply for the product. This inverse relationship between price and demand brings about the principle of price elasticity where increased prices are typically associated with lower demands while higher demand leads to increased supply. However, different products respond to demand and supply in different ways and as such, there are price elastic products while others have inelastic prices (Wirtz et al., 2016). LO2: Demonstrate the interrelationship of the various functions within an organization and how they link to organizational structure The organizational functions of business refer to the things that the business does daily, including production, marketing, sales, research, and billing. The organizational structure of the business defines the interactions and relationship between all these parts and identifies how the chain commands are executed through the different levels of the organization. Most business organizations adopt a functional organizational structure that has a chain of command; which separates the departments of the organization (Bourne, 2016). Such a structure allows all the employees to concentrate on their particular missions, although it can also have a demerit when the different departments fail to cooperate properly and thus the productivity of the company would be negatively affected. Other organizational structures that businesses adopt include a divisional structure with multiple branches where functions are distributed across all the branches (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). This structure is beneficial to the business since most branches will operate almost completely autonomously, but on the flip side, it could introduce a lot of redundancy in the organization. A matrix organizational structure is one that diverts from the hierarchical structures mostly used, and this introduces flexibility in the organization where an employee could work under different managers and with different skilled co-employees (Oyemomi et al., 2016). The downside of this structure is that the chain of command may become conflicted and cloudy, thus negatively impacting the efficiency of the organization. In all these types of organizational structures, the management of the organization must devise a way to relate all the operations of the business with its core objectives and its mission (Oyemomi et al., 2016). LO3: Use contemporary examples to demonstrate both the positive and negative influence/impact the macro environment has on business operations Businesses are established to achieve the organizational goals and the mission and vision of the founders. However, as the business grows and continues to achieve its targets, it is surrounded by multiple factors that it must consider and respond to remain within the confines of its long-term benefits and objectives (Groucutt and Hopkins, 2015). There are six main factors that the business has to respond to in its operations and these are entailed in the PESTLE framework. The framework comprises of political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors (Butryn et al., 2015). Political factors (P): since all organizations operate with a political setting, the owners of the organization must put into consideration the political factors that affect each activity that the business performs. In this regard, the business should be compliant with all rules and regulations of business operations including policies for hiring employees, lending, pricing, and environmental sanitation among others. The business is also affected by political regulations, political system changes, or instability in the country where it is based (Groucutt and Hopkins, 2015). Economic factors (E): These are among the most important factors for the operations of a business. These factors include competition and fairness in the market which determines the establishment and operational feasibility of any business venture. The economic factors that affect the business most significantly include the rate of growth of the economy, economic stability, exchange rates, interest rates, and trends in the economy, the tax system, and inflation. The owner of a business must consider all these factors before deciding to set up an enterprise in any market. Social factors (S): The social factors in this regard refer to the system of values and standards in the life of the people in the community where a business is based and operates. Such values include liberty, social obligations of individuals, justice, and collective responsibility of the community (Butryn et al., 2015). These values are primarily reflected in the political and social lives of the people that the business serves and therefore the owners must analyze these factors to enhance the chances of the business of attracting clients from the community (Butryn et al., 2015). Technological factors (T): One of the dynamic factors that affect a business by implicating risks and opportunities is technology. New technology creates new opportunities and alternative products for increased competitiveness, while it also threatens the more traditional products in the market (Butryn et al., 2015). When the old technology is made obsolete by new trends, organizations are put under pressure to keep up with the market trends. However, new technology also creates opportunities for easier and cheaper production of high-quality products, thus lowering production costs and increasing profits. Also, new technologies develop products with more features and also open up new markets for the business (Anton, 2015). Legal factors (L): All businesses must be compliant with different legal requirements of operations to avoid being at loggerheads with governments and authorities. Such requirements include registration policies, taxation laws, employment laws, pricing, and competition, among many others. The business is also affected by government activities, which may cause it to have more opportunities or face more risks (Anton, 2015). Environmental factors (E): These factors include the geographical location of the business, climate, land, minerals, and many other natural conditions. Since these are important factors in people’s healthy living, they are significant for the business to observe and such issues as pollution have dire effects on the environment and consequences for the business. The business owners should particularly observe trends in the availability of materials, energy costs, and the level of environmental pollution in the location where they want to set up their business (Anton, 2015). LO4: Determine the internal strengths and weaknesses of specific businesses and explain their interrelationship with external macro factors SWOT analysis is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that an organization has in its operations. This is an analysis that is carried out to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that face the organization; although most of its critics cite the inability of this analysis to showcase the relationship between the different factors and categories. For instance, some threats that the business may face have the capacity to make its weaknesses more profound (Anton, 2015). However, this is an important tool for the business to use to match its internal and external factors to help in the identification of strategic options that the organization should pursue. It also helps the management to respond to the results by taking advantage of the opportunities while minimizing the threats and weaknesses, as well as exploiting its strengths. As such, SWOT is an important tool for strategic planning (Phadermrod, Crowder and Wills, 2019). References Anton, R., 2015. An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis. Bendell, J., 2017. Terms for endearment: Business, NGOs and sustainable development. Routledge. Bourne, L., 2016. Stakeholder relationship management: a maturity model for organisational implementation. Routledge. Butryn, B., Gryncewicz, W., Kutera, R. and Leszczyńska, M., 2015. The Application of PEST Analysis to the Creation of the Profile of an IT Product Designed to Activate and Support Senior Citizens in Poland. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Telecommunications and Remote Sensing (pp. 109-115). Groucutt, J. and Hopkins, C., 2015. Marketing. Macmillan International Higher Education. Hall, P.D., 2016. Historical perspectives on nonprofit organizations in the United States. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management, pp.3-33. Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I. and Alkhuraiji, A., 2016. How knowledge sharing and business process contribute to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), pp.5222-5227. Phadermrod, B., Crowder, R.M. and Wills, G.B., 2019. Importance-performance analysis based SWOT analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 44, pp.194-203. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Wirtz, B.W., Pistoia, A., Ullrich, S. and Göttel, V., 2016. Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives. Long range planning, 49(1), pp.36-54.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is which in other words is known as the Financial Services Modernization act that began in 1999 and is now relevant in society today. The act itself was created for the United States to control and monitor the ways that financial institutions dealt with the private information of individuals. The passing of this act was important so that it could keep the individuals protected financially. Since the time that this act was been passed, while the intentions behind the act were positive, there are still many people who have their financial information compromised which is a significantly negative problem. This is something that affects our country today. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act comes in three different parts. The three parts of this act consist of the Financial Privacy Rule, The Safeguards Rule, and Protecting provisions. In addition, this act requires the financial institutions to give the majority of the clients a composed notice that was private which discusses the private sharing rule. The Gramm- Leach-Bliley Act, while it has a few downsides and problems of compromising, has very positively impacted the nation and the general security of customers from bank to bank. This increase in general security has caused our overall economic system to be strengthened and for consumer confidence to increase. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act has had such an expansive effect on the United States. In the United States, people have become increasingly worried about their bank information being compromised. The process of customer information being compromised is individually one of the main reasons that this act would come into play. The United States could make a framework where individuals realized that without this law being passed, undesirable data would be shared, which exhibits an absence of protection. By giving clients their arrangement of trade, it secures the data the native does not have any desire to be shared. Many individual polls took place in which stated that consumers were growing increasingly unhappy with banks lack of concern with their privacy. Studies that were done proved the consumers unhappiness was concerned with the current bank standards of the level of privacy for their consumers. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley has changed our daily living in different ways because it began to cancel out laws that were instilled in the era of the Depression. The act now represents and supports money related exchanges in today’s day in age. Essentially, this impacts how banks, securities firms, and different kinds of monetary establishments could combine to offer their clients a more entire scope of administrations. Furthermore, this bill finds a way to revise a portion of the most exceedingly terrible misuse of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act a confused exertion that constrained banks to put resources into distraught neighborhoods notwithstanding when it was not fiscally achievable and to give shoppers huge new insurances of individual money related information. Despite the fact that it is as yet not an ideal blend of conceivable monetary administrations changes, this enactment speaks to the hugest deregulation of the budgetary administrations industry in finished 50 years. This act specifically affects my life in more ways than just one. A portion of the reasons that this act influences my life alongside the majority of my family and friends is on the grounds that it is ensuring something that we as a whole utilize which is financial balances, account numbers, and routing numbers. Without these things our bank information would simply be at the hands of people we did not intend it to be in. People would continually have access to our information with no regulation without this act. Yet, this is something that is profiting everybody with a money related circumstance at the current time alongside organizations. With this in mind, the fact that we once did not have this act makes it clear to see that without it, it was incredibly hard to monitor money related situations. It truly proves to be useful when managing budgetary circumstances since you don't need to be over the greater part of your monetary circumstances. Individuals may now simply get all that data from your bank which has every one of the records of what cash you deposited or withdrew along with the money that has been spent. In addition, if money was taken out from your bank account that was not your doing, then the act itself comes into play. The bank would then be responsible for letting this situation occur. The bank itself would then have to figure out what is going on and get to the bottom of it for their customers. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, coming into play in the year 1999, has since changed the way that our banks protect the information of consumers. Following a couple of changes and rectifications along the way, it is still having a positive impact in the world and helping individuals' lives all over our country. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, that is used to protect and keep our financial information safe, has exemplified and proved its need in our economic world to date. Works Cited Center, Electronic Privacy Information. “EPIC - The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.” Electronic Privacy Information Center, epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce. Neale, Faith Journal of Economics and Business, 2005. United States. General Accounting Office. Financial Privacy : Status of State Actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's Privacy Provisions. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002. Topic Proposal The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is relevant in today’s society. The act itself was created for the United States to control and monitor the ways that financial institutions dealt with the private information of individuals. The passing of this act is important to keep individuals protected financially. While this act was passed with good intention, there are still many individuals who have their financial information compromised. In the United States, people became increasingly worried about their bank information being compromised. Many polls took place in which stated that consumers were growing increasingly unhappy with consumers lack of concern with their privacy. Studies that were done proved the consumers unhappiness with the current bank standards of the level of privacy they had about sharing unwanted information. Center, Electronic Privacy Information. “EPIC - The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.” Electronic Privacy Information Center, epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce. This is a good source because the website really explains the importance of the Gramm- Leach- Bliley Act. It is a great college source because it explains the history behind the act and the privacy protection under the Gramm Act. Neale, Faith Journal of Economics and Business, 2005. I thought that this source would be useful for my paper because it discusses not only what the act is but how it can be harmful. As I said earlier, while the act was put in place with good intentions, there were some downsides. This is a good source for college because it is a scholarly source. United States. General Accounting Office. Financial Privacy : Status of State Actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's Privacy Provisions. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002. I found this book through the WSU library and I found it to be very credible and release. This book discusses the privacy aid that was intended to come from the Gramm Leach Bliley Act and why it was meant to be a positive, protective thing.

Section 1: Introduction Customer satisfaction has increasingly become a popular field of interest in recent years. Customer satisfaction can be measured by how customers are satisfied with a product or service offered. The question of how to satisfy customers has gained significant importance in every business today, as customer satisfaction information such as reviews and ratings can highly influence a business's success. In addition, every company is customer-oriented as these are the people who buy their products or services. Satisfying the customer is, therefore, of utmost importance. There are essential aspects to consider when considering how to help customers in business. Business persons and managers need to understand these aspects, including measuring customer satisfaction and using it to establish and maintain competitive advantage, influence purchasing behaviour and gain customer loyalty. Many types of research have related customer satisfaction with various positive outcomes, such as a good reputation and increased customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is the relationship between a customer and a business enterprise, marked by the willingness of the customer to buy from a selected business enterprise compared to its competitors. Customer loyalty is an outcome of customer satisfaction as customer attitudes regarding products, services, and brands highly influence their choices of whether to make a repeated purchase or opt for a competitor's product (El-Adly, 2019). Due to the diverse and vast benefits offered by customer satisfaction to a business, there is a great need to identify ways of measuring customer satisfaction and use these measurements to monitor a business's financial performance appropriately. This report is a review of existing literature on measuring customer satisfaction. In addition, the report focuses on identifying how these measurements can denote the financial performance of a business and guide it toward success. The rest of this paper is organized into sections as follows: Section 2: Methodology. This section describes the methods for conducting this review. Section 3: Findings and discussion. This section gives citations and analysis of selected articles. Section 4: Conclusion and recommendation Section 2: Methodology This review was guided by a primary agenda of measuring customer satisfaction. I narrowed down the selection of materials and resources for this review to include journals, books and articles relating to the topic. I typed the keywords" measuring customer satisfaction" in Google Scholar and selected the papers closely associated with the keywords. As the identified literature was still vast and could not be accommodated in this review, I conducted a paper-by- paper study to select the most relevant peer-reviewed journals, books and publications published since 2016. Section 3: Findings and discussion After critically reviewing the literature, I identified the most popular methods of measuring customer satisfaction. These methods are discussed in depth below. : Service quality The service quality method has successfully been used in different experiments to measure customer satisfaction. Hamings et al. (2019) write that this instrument measures customer satisfaction from different dimensions: reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance and tangibility. Through a survey, customers are asked to rate the delivered service or product compared to their expectations. This comparison of customer experience and expectation identifies gaps, exposes the shortcomings of the service provided, and appropriately addresses them. The model highly focuses on the customers' needs and therefore does not consider how the business wants to be identified or viewed (Dam et al., 2021). The critical working of the servqual model is that the difference between expectation and perception is the difference in quality. It is essential to know what customers expect from a business; hence this model identifies specific gaps that might arise between the customers' needs and the services provided by the company. These gaps include the knowledge, standards, delivery, communications and satisfaction. Despite the capability of this model to measure customer satisfaction and its use in other research, Hamings et al. (2019) write on the various shortcomings of this model. To begin with, the writers, in sync with prior research, agree that the service quality model dimensions are not to be viewed as generic but should be adjusted to fit different cultures. Another shortcoming identified by Gocłowska et al. (2019) is that the model is time-consuming and expensive and needs a thorough comprehension of basic concepts and ideas for its application. : Important-performance Analysis (IPA) This technique has been widely used for the measurement of customer satisfaction. This analytical approach is based on identifying service or product characteristics that can be improved for quality performance. Panday (2021) writes on the usage of this technique mainly in transportation. According to his literature, this technique has lost popularity due to the advancement of quantitative methods and the loss of support. He adds that the design is highly applicable in different fields such as higher education, and is not limited to tourism. It is easy to manage and interpret, besides its valuable guidance in making strategic decisions (Panday, 2021). The technique compares the elements of importance and performance, whose comparison can identify how well customers are satisfied with products and services. : Other methods Multicriteria Satisfaction Analysis- This method is based on models, various criteria and evaluation of satisfaction levels to guide decisions by determining the strong and weak points of the delivered service (Drosos et al., 2020). The analysis of the customer's preferences and expectations results inform the level of customer satisfaction and further guide the development of a tool that comprehends the identified outcomes. Drosos et al. (2020) highlight that this method collects data through questionnaires that question customers about their preferences and overall satisfaction. This model is very beneficial because it considers customers' perceptions in determining the best quality of service. Section 4: Conclusion and recommendation As identified in the selected articles, there are different customer satisfaction methods. The methodologies mentioned above are just examples of many other ways. Most literature has identified a correlation between product and service attributes and customer satisfaction. Business persons can use the effective measurement of customer service to guide financial performance and steer a business toward positive outcomes relating to customer satisfaction, such as competitive advantage and customer loyalty. The reviewed literature, however, has not identified the best method for measuring customer advantage and influencing a business's financial performance, as there is no evidence of different results when using different methodologies. As customer satisfaction is a crucial factor in a company's success, further research is needed to fill the gap of customer satisfaction as a significant factor as a driver of finances in business. References DAM, S. M., & DAM, T. C. (2021). Relationships between service quality, brand image, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 585-593. Drosos, D., Kyriakopoulos, G. L., Arabatzis, G., & Tsotsolas, N. (2020). Evaluating customer satisfaction in energy markets using a multicriteria method: The case of electricity market in Greece. Sustainability, 12(9), 3862. El-Adly, M. I. (2019). Modelling the relationship between hotel perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50, 322- 332. Gocłowska, S., Piątkowska, M., & Lenartowicz, M. (2019). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in fitness clubs of Warsaw. Economics & Sociology, 12(2), 205-218. Gocłowska, S., Piątkowska, M., & Lenartowicz, M. (2019). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in fitness clubs of Warsaw. Economics & Sociology, 12(2), 205-218. Otto, A. S., Szymanski, D. M., & Varadarajan, R. (2020). Customer satisfaction and firm performance: insights from over a quarter century of empirical research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 48(3), 543-564. Panday, R. (2021). Service Quality Evaluation on Railway Transportation Using Important- Performance Analysis. ITALIENISCH, 11(2), 530-539.

Introduction Scholarly journals, also known as peer-reviewed journal articles, are journals written by professional experts in a specific field. Fields like social sciences analyze the research question of research, and they often publish the evaluated results. On the other hand, practitioner journals refer to journals produced with a specific purpose or target a particular professional market. The study requires the researcher to apply knowledge in exploring empirical and theoretical research to conduct a useful literature review. The discussion in this paper will analyze the best practices for conducting a literature review, highlight at least two theoretical and applied research studies, and discuss the application of both studies as part of background material. Firstly, a literature review will require the researcher to choose a topic and define the research question. The research question will guide the literature review study, and it should be clear to understand. Students are required to submit a literature review after conducting any research. Sometimes it is essential to discuss the research question with the professor before starting the literature review. Secondly, the student will select the scope of the study. Determining study area, time spent during the research, the number of studies to be conducted, or the number of sources to be used. Thirdly, conducting a literature review will require the researcher to select a database that will be used. Comprehensive databases are recommended to  be used, and they include dissertations and theses. However, after selecting the database, the researcher will conduct the research. This step will allow the researcher to find the literature, and it will be time-saving. The researcher will write down the conducted searches in each database. Biographies and references will be significant in a research study because they can be used to locate others. Finally, the researcher will review the literature, and he can use various questions to analyze the work studied (Rowley & Slack, 2004). The Completion of the review requires the researcher to follow all the guidelines, which will provide desirable findings. When writing a literature review, the key thing to be considered is to ensure the research question is well formulated. Finding a research topic will be significant in identifying a research question. Green et al., 2016 mentioned the two types of literature review; standalone, whereby the instructor instructs the students to submit part of the research assignment. The other type allows the students to write a research report. Writing a literature review enables the researcher to read the related literature reviews produced in earlier articles. It is important to start from general topics to specific topics when conducting research. Literature review will require the researcher to regularly visit the library, online research information, and apply other data collection methods, which will be essential in gaining more knowledge concerning the researched topic. Google scholar is an example of a research tool that researchers can use to seek more information. Theoretical Studies Obeidat et al. 2016, discussed theoretical studies where he reviewed the knowledge management concept and its application of Total Quality Management (TQM). A comprehensive literature review can be used to reveal factors associated with TQM practices. It will be significant in analyzing important elements such as knowledge acquisition and storage of research knowledge that can be used in the future. The elements will be linked with TQM elements such as customer satisfaction and enhancing good management in the organization. The relationship between customer satisfactions plays a vital role in improving the success of the study. The research provides a holistic framework for future researchers to select popular knowledge management and TQM practices, thus ensuring the researchers have strong knowledge of the subject and creating a theoretical foundation for the current study. Singh et al., 2011, argued that the research provided has a clear literature review that summarizes the evolution of TQM. This is important because it establishes the possible success of implementing the study of TQM. The literature review will analyze the soft dimensions and constructs such as leadership roles, stakeholder's roles or functions, and human resource philosophy and applications. According to the example of the TQM study, the literature review research is related directly to the customers; thus, researching theoretical background will help the researcher produce desirable findings. Applied Research Studies Luzon and Pasola (2011) discussed the existing theory of ambidexterity that analyzes organizations' implications to implement total quality management. Analyzing relevant theoretical and empirical studies on ambidexterity and TQM targeting similar elements will facilitate the synergy between theoretical and empirical studies. The results from both studies will enhance the research study's effectiveness, and customer satisfaction will be a significant tenet of TQM. Lastly, the relationship between TQM and service quality in the public sector focuses on job standardization in Taipei positive relationship. Service quality will be the key focus in establishing the business world. This will be a significant factor that should be considered in creating effective job satisfaction (Hsieh et al., 2002). In conclusion, conducting literature will be important because it will provide knowledge on the topic studied. A researcher will identify different methods that other researchers used, and he will gain more information from the previous researches.   References Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing Narrative Literature Reviews for Peer-Reviewed Journals. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. Hsieh, A. T., Chou, C. H., & Chen, C. M. (2002). Job Standardization and Service Quality. Total Quality Management,  13(7),  899-912. Luzon, M. D. M., & Pasola, J. V. (2011). Ambidexterity and Total Quality Management. Management Decision. Obeidat, B. Y., Hashem, L., Alansari, I., Tarhini, A., & Al-Salti, Z. (2016). The Effect of Knowledge Management Uses on Total Quality Management Practices: A Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Management and Strategy, 7(4), 18-29. Rowley, J., & Slack, F. (2004). Conducting a Literature Review. Management Research News. Singh, T., Geetika, G., & Dubey, R. (2011). A Theoretical Framework for Soft Dimensions of Total Quality Management. In International Conference on Economics and Finance Research IPEDR (Vol. 4).

Abstract This study examined the behavioural finance and investment process to examine various factors that investors think about before deciding on investments. A selection of investment options based on individual needs and objectives is unique for each investor. This article aims to understand the behaviour of individuals and explain how investments are made. According to Tversky and Kahneman (2015) the gender, tolerance of risk, social culture and religion, and the time horizon are factors that influence comfortability financing and investment decision-making. All of the studied objectives of gender, risk tolerance, social culture, and religion have an important relationship to the investment process. Therefore, this paper focuses in general on investors' behavioural financing and investment decisions. Introduction Many people find investment attractive because they can see the results of their choice in the decision-making process. Most investors have reasonable expectations and strive to maximize their usefulness. However, the economist Kahneman and Tversky (2019) argue from their research that the market is not effective, and in particular, people make no rational choices to maximize profits in the short term. Not all investments have profited as investors do not always make the right investment decisions over the years; however, a diversified portfolio should yield positive returns. Kahneman and Tversky (2019) also add that an ideal investment decision is an active part of the portfolio design. Like corporate finance, household finance explains how financial decision-making is managed to ensure financial security and household wealth growth. Behavioural finance, meanwhile, is a subject that focuses on how individuals and groups act on their financial markets and take decisions, as Virlics (2013) asserts. Additionally, Virlics (2013) also argues that when the economic situation is changing, it shows that the average investor makes decisions based on emotions rather than on logic. Conduct finance acknowledges that in investors' decisions, psychological characteristics play a crucial role.  Psychological studies have shown that there is three times more pain in losing money from investments than the joy of earning money, as argued by Ward (2017). Investors' decisions often have emotions such as fear and desire to play an important role. Thus, studying investors' behaviour helps understand why people purchase or sell shares without doing fundamental analysis, according to Ward (2017). According to Kahneman (2019), the investment phase is a mentality that involves a series of acts that culminate in the purchase of shares or other alternative investments. As investors, investors enjoy handily beating the market and automatically picking "big" investments. The investment process usually specifies portfolio phases and stresses the sequence of investor awareness behaviour as asserted by Kahneman (2019). He also adds that it provides an intelligent way for an investor to create a portfolio or portfolio by highlighting the sequence. Therefore, if investors want to make money, individual investors must learn the tools based on Loewenstein et al. (2018). Besides, Kahneman (2019) states that the investment process offers a structure in which investors can detect the source of different investment strategies and philosophies. Therefore, investors can follow and track the hundreds of procedures outlined in the common press and the investment newsletters. Furthermore, the investment method illustrates the various components necessary for a successful investment strategy. It explains why so many well-documented ways struggle to succeed for those who employ them, as Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) argues. As a result, the aim of this study is to learn more about how individual investors use various factors to influence their financial decisions and behaviour. Problem Statement Behaviour finance is an investment behaviour in which all decision-making factors are taken into account. However, Kahneman and Tversky (2019) say that investors influence their decisions and emotions, feelings, and intuition, resulting in irrational behaviour. A female investor, for instance, tends to be less risky than all males. All individual behaviour, mainly if they buy or sell their stock in the markets, will potentially affect investor decision-making. However, in recent decades, Merton (2017) research has shown that optimum and rational decisions are subject to financial knowledge; the more a person knows financially, the more reasonable he will decide.  Investors are not always rational due to these variables, and behavioural assumptions influence their decisions, as Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) stated. Consequently, it is essential to analyze investment decision-making under behavioural finance theories better to understand investors' real-world experiences better. Literature review Gender Countless research has shown that gender can play a significant part in the behaviour of investors. These behavioural differences certainly affect the performance of the portfolio. For example, Barber and Odean (2016, pg. 286) explain that most men are more active portfolio managers, trading 45% more than women, as stated by Barber and Odean (2016). Women's inability to make investment decisions like men is widely confirmed by research, as women are more risk-averse than men, according to research carried out by Anand and Cowton (2019). Furthermore, the gender gap in financial expertise appears to have a direct effect on investor conduct. According to Barber and Odean (2016), men are more likely than women to have financial expertise, so men are more optimistic when making investments. Their research also discovered that the mutual fund industry is dominated by men, with just ten per cent of women working in the industry. In this case, it is shown that women have a better understanding of how to spend their money. Moreover, the previous Anand and Cowton (2019) study showed that risk behaviour among men and women could not be identical due to economic conditions. Risk Tolerance Grable (2017) states that Risk tolerance generally refers to the extent of market risk variabilities, such as volatility or market growth, and the investors’ willingness to withstand losses as things go to the south. "Everyone's risk tolerance will be different," Charlie Horonzy says from a certification financial planner Grable (2017, pg. 627). Risk tolerance is positively linked to various personality traits such as age, sex, marital status, income, education, financial awareness, and aspirations, according to Grable (2017). Grable (2017) looked at the two-stage risk response, a cognitive evaluation, and investors' emotional reaction. These two phases of the reaction are related but fundamentally different. According to Schooley and Worden (2019), investors have unknown odds, results, and returns. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) assert that Risk-averse decision-makers predicted utility function is concave, implying that the decision-maker has a smaller margin. They also add that the risk-taking form of decision-maker, on the other hand, has an increasing marginal utility and a convex anticipated utility function. Furthermore, there is a mixed category of decision-maker, implying that the decision-maker does not fit into any previous categories or acts differently in various situations. Grable (2017) looked at the risk-neutral form, which occurs when an individual uses a linear function to optimize expected benefit and expected utility. Social Culture and Religion Jamaludin studies (2013) found that culture and convictions influence how individuals make economic choices and investment choices in everyday life, including economic decisions, religion, and culture. In traditional terms, Jamaludin (2016) argues that the financial theory emphasizes risk and returns as important considerations when constructing a portfolio. However, according to Anand and Cowton (2019), a growing number of investors want to consider moral and social issues when making investment decisions. Jamaludin (2016) explains that in Islam, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of Islamic law sources that the Shariah originates from Qur'an and Sunna (primary sources), and the views of learned lawyers (secondary sources) are interpreted according to them. Moreover, Kahneman (2019) states that legal professionals' opinions should only be used as additional sources of law if there is silence on the two main sources. Indeed, the majority of Muslims in Malaysia are devout Muslims who follow the teachings of Islam. Ward's (2017) research is closely related to the study in that it believes religion has an effect on individual investment decision-making. Time Horizon The word "time horizon" typically refers to how long an investor plans to invest and how much risk he or she is willing to take on, as Gunthorpe and Levy (2020) assert. Short- and long­ term time horizons are two words that are used interchangeably. Short-term cycles last less than three years, while long-term periods last more than ten years, as Gunthorpe and Levy (2020) suggest. Gunthorpe and Levy (2020) discovered that the longer the time horizon for an asset to be included in a portfolio, the more important it is. Furthermore, according to Ward (2017), families prefer the long-term horizon for their decision-making preparation because it is normally passed on to the next generation. The Schooley and Worden overview (2019) shows that, compared to short-term investors in the past, long-term investors spend a large percentage on risky investments. Gaspar et al. (2019, p. 151) posit that the time horizon  effect on optimal risk-taking depends on the statistical relationship between current returns and future returns. A long-term horizon could generate more risk-taking, especially in the case of a mean reversal. Lubatkin et al. (2017) have identified the short-term investment not investing in an equally risky project, but with lower returns and equivalent returns, but the increased investment risk continues to decrease over time. According to Gaspar, Massa, and Matos (2019), investors with a shorter history have less incentives to spend on resource monitoring because they are less likely to stay shareholders long enough to profit. You also have less time to get to know the company. According to Veld­ Merkulova (2019), the proportion of risky financial assets has risen over time despite investors' years. Based on a Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) study, being a long-lasting investor is essential to avoid investment losses. This is important rather than short-lasting investors. Why Traders Might be Subject to the Disposition Effect The "disposition effect," according to Weber and Camerer (2018), is the tendency to sell value-added assets ("winner") that retain value-added investments ("lost"). The prospect theory can describe disposition effects in two ways: the notion that people value gains and losses concerning a benchmark (the initial purchase price of shares) and the tendency to risk when faced with potential losses and avoid risk when there is a certain amount of profit. According to Weber and Camerer (2018), their studies will be conducted to see if they show the findings. Six risky assets were acquired and sold by the participants. Asset values fluctuated at all times. Unlike Bayesian optimization, topics preferred to sell winners and retain losers. The disposition effect was significantly reduced when the shares were automatically sold after each stage. According to Weber and Camerer, the disposition effect will harm investors' returns in  other ways and increase taxes (2018). The stock's return is cyclical, and investors who sell too fast risk losing their profits. Data Collection and Sampling Method The data in this research were gathered by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) using Google Docs as the medium in an online survey method. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) also used online surveys because their location is cheaper and convenient and can reach people. Therefore, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) used twenty questions in the questionnaire, five of which are demographic, and the other 15 relating to their research. Kahneman arranges the questions such that the demographic questions are in Section A, the risk tolerance issues in Section B, the social cultures & religions in Section C, and the time horizons in Section D. The questions are all in the form of statements, excluding demographic issues, in which the respondents must decide what to do, and agree with the statement as asserted by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016). Additionally,  Jaiyeoba  and  Haran (2016) used an interval scale with the strong agreement, neutrality, disagreement, and vigorous disagreement with answers' choices. The experienced investor in the study area completed and responded to 60 questionnaires as asserted by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016). Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) also collected primary data from respondents' data via the questionnaire presented concerning primary and secondary data. Data Analysis Method According to Kahneman (2019), IBM's Statistical Social Science Package (SPSS) is the best analytical approach. This is software that provides advanced statistical analysis to execute the information acquired from their research. Kahneman (2019) states that the high volume of data is stored in SPSS, and the software carries out several analyzes. SPSS can carry out analyzes of reliability, descriptive, t-test, regression, and correlation analyzes. It is a convenient and user­ friendly application that students can use with the lecturer's guidance. The Extent to Which Experimental Evidence Relates to the Empirical Results The Theoretical Framework   The theoretical framework is essential for all research, Dickason (2017) states, to clarify the theory implicitly in a more clearly defined way. Dickason (2017) also claims that theoretical framework enables researchers to consider their limitations and approaches that challenge their perspectives. Theoretical data are defined as the data collection process for generating theory. The analyst collects, codes, and analyzes the data and decides which data to collect next and find it to develop the approach, as Dickason states (2017). One of the advantages of theoretical data is that the collection, coding, and analysis process is considerable and straightforward during the academic sampling process to generate a theory (2017). This sampling is closely linked to the Merton-based theory methodology (2017). Besides, since it is a highly systemic process, the theoretical sampling method's application requires more resources, such as time and money, than numerous other sampling methods, the disadvantage of the theoretical data stated by Weber and Camerer (2018). The practical application of theoretical sampling is not subject to transparent processes or guidance. The Experimental Data (Framework) Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) present the data in Table 1, which shows that 50,0 per cent of the responses received come from women in 60 responses. The rest of the 50,0 per cent of reactions are from men. The research conducted by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) found out that 10.0% of their respondents aged between 19 and 21 are the least respondents. 30% of respondents are between 22 and 24 years of age. In the meantime, from 25 to 27 years, a total of 15 per cent contributed. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) received 45 per cent of the total respondents from people 28 years of age. 53.3% of their respondents are single, and 46.7% are married, as indicated in the table below. Besides, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) assert that at least a bachelor's degree was obtained by most respondents, who were 58.3%. A total of 26,7 per cent of them have a degree. 10% of respondents holding only a master's degree. Finally, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) observed that the PhD level is the least 5.0% of their respondents' qualifications. In Table 2, the proportion of respondents with stock investment experience is 100%, as shown in Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) research. Table 1: Thepro file of the Respondents   Demographic  Characteristics Frequency Percentage (%) Gender:     Male 30 50.0 Female 30 50.0 Age:     19 - 21 6 10.0 22 - 24 18 30.0 25 - 27 9 15.0   28 and above 27 45.0 Marital Status:     Single 32 53.3 Married 28 46.7 Education Level:     Foundation/Diploma 16 26.7 Bachelor 35 58.3 Master 6 10.0 PhD 3 5.0   Table 2: Stock Investment Experience Responses Experience Frequency Percentage (%) Did you have any experience with any stock investment?     Yes 60 100.0 No 0 0   According to Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016), the advantage of these experimental data is that researchers have control over all variables, and it provides a greater transferability compared to other anecdotal research. On the other hand, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) show the demerits of experimental data as an approach subject to human error. The sample used is not likely to be representative. The Neurological Data (Framework) Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) conducted a study in which they measured their intellectual activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging and subject trade stocks on an experimental market. All trade-in all subjects is inadequate. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) have been using neural data to test their behaviour. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) found that the activity exemplified by the predictions of realization usefulness in the two brain areas important to economic decision- making. These results support the utility model for implementation. More generally, neural data can help test investment behaviour models. Reliability Test According to Table 3, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) show that the study's first-time horizon factor is the highest alpha in Cronbach of 0.635, which indicates that their scale with this specific example is highly consistent in its internal composition. Risk tolerance at 0.585 is Cronbach's second-highest alpha. The lowest alpha of Cronbach in social culture and religion, on the other hand, is just 0.417. This shows that their scale with this specific sample is unacceptable because of low internal coherence and internal inconsistency. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) present the 5 items in Section B, asserting that the alpha coefficient is .585, which suggests that the items are relatively uniform internally. This also shows reliable variance for 56.6 per cent of results. As a solution, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) show some items can now be removed from the questionnaire "Risk Tolerance." The alpha coefficient increases to .616 with the removal of item QBl. In Section C, the alpha coefficient of the 5 items is .4417, which shows a relatively small internal consistency for each item. It also means there is a confident variance in 43.1% of the scores, according to Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) research. As a solution, certain things can be removed from the questionnaire "Social Culture & Religion." The alpha factor rises to .486 by removing item QC3. The removal of QC3 is suitable, as Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) argue. The 5 items in Section D have an alpha coefficient of .635, which suggests that the items are relatively small internal consistency, as shown by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016). 63.8% of the results show reliable variance. In the "Time Horizon" questionnaire, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) remove certain items as a solution. The alpha coefficient is increased to .637 by removing item QD4. QD4 removal is advisable, as stated by Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016). Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) used the Independent T-test to compare means between two unrelated groups of the same continuous dependent variable.   Table 4: The T-test result of investment decision   Gender Factor (Panel A) Female   (mean) Male   (mean) P-value Risk Tolerance     4.367     3.97     0.190 B4   -  I   usually   make   investments   that   I  believe   are       appropriate. 3.33 3.40 0.737 Religion & Social Culture       Cl - I tend to buy stocks rather than sell them globally. 3.73 3.53 0.351 Horizontal  Period D3 - I  don't  need  a  lot  of  immediate  income  from  my investments.  I'm  more  concerned  with  the  prospect  of long-term growth.   Additionally, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) used a p-value of 0.05 as the cutoff for meaning in these independent t-test analyses. According to Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016), the null hypothesis that the p-value is less than 0.005 is dismissed, and Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) conclude that there is no difference between the media. If the p-value is more significant than 0.05, it's impossible to state a substantial difference, as Jaiyeoba  and Haran (2016) assert. Consequently, Sections B, C, and D are not relevant, according to their findings. As a result, Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) state that the null hypothesis is accepted. Theoretical, experimental and neurological sources can be synthesized effectively, according to Dickason (2017), since they are all designed to quantify the problem by generating numerical  or  transformable  data  into  utilizable  statistics.  Dickason  (2017)  also  asserts  that attitudes, opinions, behaviour, and other variables are quantified and results generalized from an increased population of samples are quantified. Conclusion In conclusion, this study is designed to assess the factors that affect investor  decision­ making. Data from 60 respondents were collected, focusing primarily on experienced investors from the area of study. According to Tversky and Kahneman (2015) the gender, tolerance of risk, social culture and religion, and the time horizon are factors that influence comfortability financing and investment decision-making. All of the studied objectives of gender, risk tolerance, social culture, and religion have an essential relationship to the investment process. Jaiyeoba and Haran (2016) found that only the time horizon, which results in 0.635, is acceptable from the reliability analysis factor. The lowest alpha in Cronbach, with only 0.585 and 0.417, is risk tolerance and social culture & religion. This shows that this specific sample scale is unacceptable because of low internal coherence and internal inconsistency. References List Anand, P. and Cowton, C.J., 2019. The ethical investor: Exploring dimensions of investment behaviour. 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