Information Science and Technology
Mastering Conflict Management Through KLC Competencies
Introduction
Conflict is a functioning difference between individuals with restricting feelings or standards. The KLC Competencies speak to the kind of administration expected to genuinely make more beneficial networks. With a cool, clear, practical eye, you should have the option to distinguish your own abilities, weaknesses and triggers. Everybody has qualities and shortcomings. At the point when conflict is adequately overseen, it very well may be instrumental in taking care of issues and building cooperation. Then again, when administrators and directors need peace promotion competency, struggle will in general take a damaging way, making gigantic issues and separating collaboration. Conflict management has importance and also implications (McKibben,2017).
The most sensational expense of peace-making ineptitude is not the prosecution costs; it's the general loss of efficiency, representative commitment and collaboration. conflict management competency requires the accompanying practices: Self-assuredness in starting troublesome discussions Objective, empathic tuning in Evading habitual pettiness asking open-finished inquiries Coordinating without controlling Remaining focused; zeroing in on the ideal result Not accepting remarks as close to home assaults Changing over responses into reactions Arranging win-win results. KLC competencies comprises of diagnosing the situation, managing self, energizing others and intervening skillfully in terms of a conflict.
Diagnosing the situation concerns more of deliberately working to more thoroughly and deeply understand a situation before the action when a conflict. Managing self competency in conflict is exercising civic leadership effectively by knowing yourself good enough in order to understand how well one is situated to intervene when a conflict arises. This involve challenging the assumptions about your weakness and strengths as well as expanding the possible responses through the repertoire. Managing self increases tolerance for conflict, uncertainty and ambiguity.
An example of strife intercession practice, regularly brought in to forestall further heightening of contentions including administrators and workers. Constantly, subsequent to meeting everybody included, in consideration centers around the supervisor's practices. Much of the time, administrators will in general justify and limit their commitment to the issue. They have a mutilated perspective on their troublesome practices.
Effective ways of Managing Conflict
The way to viably overseeing conflict is to comprehend which mode is generally fitting for the circumstance given the results you're attempting to accomplish. In my instructing and conflict meditation practice, I'm regularly brought in to forestall further acceleration of contentions including supervisors and representatives. Perpetually, in the wake of talking everybody included, my consideration centers around the supervisor's practices. As a rule, directors will in general justify and limit their commitment to the issue. They have a twisted perspective on their problematic practices. There are sketched out four phases of learning so as to accomplish fitness in a given expertise.
Avoiding that is taking an unassertive and uncooperative way to deal with strife characterizes the avoiding mode. Now and again staying away from struggle is the best move. Maybe the issue isn't sufficiently significant to deliver or you have to permit some an ideal opportunity to go to diffuse strains. Obviously evading struggle can likewise be unsafe on the grounds that issues may putrefy and turn out to be more hostile or choices might be made of course without your information or impact. Competing that is high on self-assuredness and low on helpfulness, the contending mode is proper when you have to secure yourself, support significant standards, or settle on speedy choices. Abuse of the contending style will in general bring about individuals around you feeling "demolished," crushed, and un-engaged.
Collaborating involves working together mode is the most elevated utilization of emphaticness and collaboration and is fitting when your emphasis is on combining the points of view of the gatherings, incorporating arrangements, and building connections. Compromising is when ordinarily individuals figure bargaining ought to be the objective of settling conflict. The four learning moments have helped become more successful in resolving a conflict in a personal relationship and for example in between the manager and employees where both have to avoid, sometimes compete and even comprise in order to manage conflict when it arises.
Conflict Management in Personal Relationship
Each framework is entirely intended to get the outcomes it gets. That doesn't imply that it delivers the ideal outcome. Thus, if the framework reliably lets out three-wheeled shopping baskets, that is the thing that it is intended to do. While examining any part of our injury framework, one must understand that we don't have a solitary injury framework. Each locale has an alternate arrangement of rules, bringing about their framework being not the same as the injury arrangement of some other area. The words depicts the way that words in some cases seem like enchantment to meet up and live respectively. With this in mind it helps in Improving your skill in managing strife which can yield beneficial outcomes in reality.. Having this mind and understanding it helps to oblige conflict management style demonstrates a low worry for self and a high worry for other and is frequently seen as aloof or accommodating, in that somebody follows or obliges another without giving individual info. The setting for and inspiration driving obliging assume a significant part in whether it is a suitable system. By and large, we oblige on the grounds that we are being liberal, we are complying, or we are yielding. According (Steinberg, 2019) every system trauma is perfectly designed to get the results it gets.
References
McKibben, L. (2017). Conflict management: importance and implications. British Journal of Nursing, 26(2), 100-103.
Steinberg, S. M. (2019). Every Trauma System Is Perfectly Designed to Get the Results It Gets.
Jama Surgery, 154(1), 25-25.
Apple Inc Global Business Strategy and Management
Executive Summary
The global business strategy refers to various business strategies that different organizations, companies, and other firms use while operating in the global field to serve customers. This paper will discuss the appropriateness of various management styles that will help in dealing with the various complex business situations. It will also use the case study of Apple Company to try and elaborate the concept of business strategy and management style. Apple is one of the Global companies that are dominating the electronics market. A lot of electronic companies have developed different forms of strategies that play a role to gain advantage so that they can be able to compete on the global scene. A company with clear strategies will always become successful in business. Any form of careless decision making and silly mistakes can easily take a company down within days. Furthermore, the paper will also cover various decision-making strategies; The discussion will further go ahead and describe areas that the company needs to adjust so that it can remain competitive in this century where technology is changing continuously.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary......................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 4
Evaluation of the Apple Inc Company........................................................................................ 4
Management style in Apple Company..................................................................................... 4
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 6
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction
The Apple Company is a prestigious and one of the most valuable brands in the business world. It is a company that offers various electronic goods to various parts of the world. The company provides various goods that are designed for different purposes and people, including businesses, individuals, service providers, institutions and resellers. The Apple Company tends to produce various products including personal computers, mobile communications, portable digital music players, and media devices. It also produces other products like Apple TV, iOS, operating system, OS X, I Phone, Mac and a portfolio for the consumers. However, one of the major products that makes Apple Company stand out from the other electronics companies is the iCloud that stores music, photos and other applications (Rigby and Bilodeau, 2013).
Evaluation of the Apple Inc Company
In recent years, the Apple Company has been one of the best companies when it comes to the production of the electronic devices. It has been producing products that target the premium market, which in turn enabled the company realize high returns from goods sold. Nevertheless, in the recent years, competition has increased in this field of production. This competition is being brought by the Samsung Company, which besides selling the application processors to Apple Company; it also produces smart phones and sells them at a much cheaper price. This is because their production cost is always low compared to that of the Apple Company. The Samsung Company is the current largest market shareholder (Rigby and Bilodeau, 2013). The Apple Company is experiencing a lot of issues regarding management styles and the way people perceive the strategies they are employing in managing the company. The paper will be focusing on different issues regarding the management methods and how they affect the performance of the company on the global scene.
Management style in Apple Company
For the Apple Company to remain competitive in the world of business and capture the largest market share, it has to have proper management (Avolio et al., 2013). The company is paying close attention to the vertical development of leadership instead of concentrating on the horizontal development of leadership, something that has been happening in the recent years. The Apple Company majorly focuses on the horizontal type of leadership whereby, the individual working in a company expects the leadership roles to be transmitted from one leader to the other. The employees in this kind of management do not have to work hard so that they can earn the title of a leader in the company (Rigby and Bilodeau, 2013).
Many companies are now looking for better ways to ensure that their employees remain relevant in the workplace and keep improving on their skills (Avolio et al., 2013). Many people were not responsible enough when it came to the handling their development in the workplace, leaving that responsibility to someone else. However, research is now indicating that people who handle their progress will always develop faster than the people who are not keen on handling their progress (Rigby and Bilodeau, 2013). Handling your progress is the only way to realize your mistakes make and be able to make amendments. Any person who does not follow and monitor his progress is likely to commit mistakes when given a much more responsibility. However, it is not easy to monitor your progress and it call for a lot of dedication. It is because of this reason that we have the mentorship program in the Apple company so that it can be easy for the company to monitor and support the progress of the people. It is always easy to have the support of the company as it provides the necessary resources for the progress process.
We have the current leadership models that encourage people to be in a position where they can handle their development. The individuals in the Apple Company were not focusing on their development, instead they left others to oversee their development. The diagram below is showing the three important points that the management has to put into consideration. In an organization like Apple, it has the task of producing of high-quality goods and services. It has a team that is working around the clock to ensure that everything is working according to the plan. An individual also in the diagram below is very important; especially in helping the company move forward (Avolio et al., 2013).
Figure I. Usage data for the leadership model website (model and TBM 2015)
Apple Company uses the checklist as it considers it as one of the best ways of evaluating the performance of a company. It is simple and effective since it consists of a series of questions that were used in the past and they only need a Yes or No answer. When we have an abnormally negative response, it means that that employee still needs a lot of training to improve the management skills that they have. It is easy to use the checklist so that it can easily be able to determine the type of employees that have deficiencies in different fields of production. The usage of the critical incidence method can be applied where the manager keeps a record of both the good and the bad incidences certain employees so that they can talk about it during the performance review of that employee (Cummings and Worley, 2014).
“The Apple Company” is encouraging its employees to feel free to consult whenever they have an issue regarding production or any other activity. The company is using the collective method rather than the individualistic method of management so that each person can be able to share information and consult whenever they have a problem. In the past, many Companies were practicing what was an individualist and elitist style of management whereby, it was only one person who had to make the right decision (Robbins et al., 2013). It was only one person that could make the decision while the other people in the organization were acting as the implements. In the modern management style, we now realize a change in the paradigm and many people are embracing the collective method of management. Observing the management of the Apple Company, you will easily realize that the company is now focusing on the collective type of leadership. The collective type of leadership is dealing with a group of individuals with the people who also hold the decision right regarding the company’s operations. In this form of leadership, people view the process of leadership and management as a process that is spreading across the network of various people. It is going to be easy for the question to shift from “who are the leaders?” and people will start asking about “what are the favorable conditions that are important and are going to help in bringing success to the Company? (Robbins et al., 2013)
The apple company is working hard to ensure that it provides the relevant support to the people around the world. The company is focusing on diversification in the labor force to try and bring balance in the workplace. It is recruiting individuals from all over the world so that they can undergo training and help the company to carry out its activities. The management of the Apple Company is also targeting the production of the environmentally friendly products that will ensure the safety of all individuals in the world. It is through the production of environmentally friendly products that the company will be able to convince the other users that they care about the future. Many people are now becoming environmentally sensitive and any form of environmentally negligence can lead to serious consequences.
The Company’s management believes that they are the face of the world and they are aiming at producing the best products that are not changing. It also believes in collaboration with other companies to try and improve the performance of those companies or learn for the Company.
The company is also contributing to the gross domestic products of many countries that it is operating in by selling and employing the locals (Robbins et al., 2013). Diversification in the workplace is also playing to the advantage of the company as they are working hard to ensure that they are portraying the face of the world. The company has also won awards for their efforts to incorporate the physically challenged individuals in the company. In the world, Apple company is known for their profound diversification at work place and it is through these efforts that the company is having an upper hand against the competitors. Lack of diversification at workplace reduces the confidence of the customers and many of them will prefer working with companies that show diversification. Having diversification help the company beat the competitors.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is clear that the Apple Company focuses more on the management strategy that aims at making their employees comfortable and improving their wellbeing. It uses the models of management that facilitates easy information flow from individuals who holds the decision right to those who implement. The horizontal method of management is important to the company as it ensures that people can work hard to earn promotions instead of waiting to be promoted. There are several leadership theories that are playing a major role when it comes to the management of different organizations in the world. The Apple Inc. company tries to put into consideration the different management theories that will help improve their management styles. The Company is following the Situational type of leadership to manage their daily operations. The company believes that it is important for leaders to react according to the circumstance and make quick decisions to solve a particular situation. The majority of the leaders tend to fear this type of leadership even after going through a lot of training. This is because they still have an unconscious belief that is fixed about the application of the theory. For the theory to be a success, the company is needed to encourage its employees to try and work on their underlying psychology so that they can be able to attain the goals set.
Bibliography
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2013). Leadership models, methods, and applications. Handbook of psychology.
Cummings, T., & Worley, C. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Rigby, D., & Bilodeau, B. (2013). Management tools & trends 2013. Bain & Company.
Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Analyzing Genres Used in Fisheries Management
Abstract
Writing in fisheries management with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) incorporates many genres, ranging from informal emails to professional journal articles, and anywhere in between. Genre and genre repertoire are important to understand in all career fields today in order to be successful. There are elements that make up all genres and all these elements can be examined when looking at different documents. Elements are able to define genres. I looked at the elements of exigence, audience, and formatting and visual presentation, and applied them to three documents. A public document, titled "For the Love of Pike", by Greg Breining. A research report, titled "Seasonal and Diel Variation in Electrofishing Size-Selectivity and Catch-Per-Hour of Largemouth Bass in Minnesota Lakes", by Michael C. Mcinerny and Timothy K. Cross. I also looked at a lake survey report for Belle Lake, by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and MNDNR. Genre, genre repertoire, and the elements of genre are important to understand so you know when to use a certain genre, which will help you be successful in your career.
Analyzing Genres Used in Fisheries Management
Every career field today requires specialized forms of writing. These specialized forms of writing are also known as genres. Genres in career fields are defined as "organizational communication ...is a distinctive type of communicative action, characterized by a socially recognized communicative purpose and common aspects of form." (Orlikowski and Yates, 1994, p. 543). Knowledge of how the common forms, or genres, of writing in your career are done will give you an advantage in not only obtaining a job, but also in performing your job well.
Writing in the fisheries field varies widely. Email and notes are used to communicate with other employees. There are documents and stories shared with the public through newspapers and magazines. A large portion of the writing is technical writing that will be used within the organization for further studies or made available to the public if they wish to see the documents. Examining the article "Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices in Organizations", by Wanda J. Orlikowski and JoAnne Yates helps give an understanding of what a genre in writing is. Genres consist of several elements including: audience and context; exigence and purpose; content and organization; terminology and phrasing; formatting and visual presentation; and tone and point of view. These elements can be applied to documents of different genres. The elements of audience, exigence, and formatting and visual presentation will be applied to three documents of different genres in the fisheries field: a public document, a research report, and a lake survey report.
Writing in Fisheries Management
Communicating is an extremely important part of working for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources in fisheries; you must be able to communicate effectively with fellow coworkers and the public. There is a different genre used depending on who your intended audience is, as with any profession. Within the MNDNR there is a lot of communicating back and forth with your coworkers, through things such as emails and notes. Sometimes the emails are very professional, like if you are communicating with a superior or someone outside the MNDNR, other times they may be informal, like if you are sending a quick note or information to someone within your office. Things like time sheets, compensation forms, and fuel logs in state vehicles must be universal in form so administration can easily and readily understand what is being conveyed.
In fisheries management you work with a lot of data. This data is often shared with other fishery offices within the MNDNR, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the federal level, and with conservation organizations across the globe. For this reason it must conform to a universal standard and measurement format. All fish weights are recorded in grams, and all fish lengths are recorded in millimeters. This is the universal standard. If you record a fish length in centimeters or inches, and someone does not know this, and they look at what is written down, the data will be interpreted completely differently and it may adversely affect what they are working on. On specimen tags the measurements are recorded on the same place on the tag every time. If someone writes the length measurement where the weight measurement is supposed to be, it will adversely affect the data as a whole. If everything is not written technically correct it could be the difference between a species being saved and a species going extinct.
There is also a research component in fisheries management within the MNDNR. When a research experiment is completed it is written similar to an IMRAD report, following the format seen in most scientific journals today. There is a management implications section in these documents, where the authors explain how they believe the results can be put to use. Some reports are mainly used within the DNR, but are available on the web, while some are submitted and accepted into scientific journals. Fisheries research and management also write up lake survey reports, which include a lot of tables, graphs, and figures. These are made available to the public on the web if they wish to view them. They are used in planning management strategies and in setting up other research experiments.
Some in fisheries management write up articles for the MNDNR's conservation magazine "Minnesota Conservation Volunteer". These articles often tell stories and try to stay away from raw data, even though they may be summarizing data or survey information. The articles are written in more simple terms. There is little scientific jargon so that the average person can pick up this magazine, read any article, and understand what it is about.
Genre Repertoire Theory
A genre is defined as "organizational communication ...is a distinctive type of communicative action, characterized by a socially recognized communicative purpose and common aspects of form." (Orlikowski and Yates, 1994, p. 543). Genres are also socially recognized communicative actions (Orlikowski and Yates, 1994, p. 542). Genres are the communications you conduct in your field. When thinking of genres we mainly think of the writing we conduct in a career. Genre repertoire is the idea that members of a community "tend to use multiple, different, and interacting genres over time". (Orlikowski and Yates, 1994, p. 542). This means there are many genres we use throughout a career, not just one. Part of a genre is form as well. Orlikowski and Yates refer to form as the "readily observable features of the communication, including: structural features, communication medium, and language or symbol system." (1994, p. 544). Form is typically how we identify and separate genres. Genres play a key role in any communication we conduct throughout our career. I will analyze three different genres encountered in the fisheries management field of the MNDNR. These are 1) a public document, titled "For the Love of Pike", by Greg Breining, 2) a research report, titled "Seasonal and Diel Variation in Electrofishing Size-Selectivity and Catch Per-Hour of Largemouth Bass in Minnesota Lakes", by Michael C. Mcinerny and Timothy K. Cross, and 3) a lake survey report for Belle Lake, by the MPCA and MNDNR. I will look at three elements of genre analysis for the three documents. These are 1) exigence, 2) audience and 3) formatting and visual presentation.
Analysis
Exigence
The first analytical category is exigence. Exigence is the authors "call to write", or what motivated the author to write the document. Exigence can be brought on by many things. In a class your exigence could be to complete the assignment and get a good grade. In a career you may be writing due to an email you received, or something you read motivated you to do research and explore some further aspect or respond to that piece. In every piece of writing there was some exigence, or "call to write".
In the first article, the public document by Greg Breining, the author is called to write for a couple of reasons. The author has an obvious love for Northern Pike. He includes a little story about his childhood to show this. It is hard to even think of writing about something if you have no interest in it. He shares some stories about his childhood and what he remembers of pike and a paragraph that shows some strong feelings about pike today:
And that is the story of pike in a nutshell- the romance, the myth, and now the sad demise. Where once swam monster now swim "hammerhandles" and "snakes." (Breining, 2003, p. 1).
He also shares many facts about pike such as how big they can get and how they hunt, like that they are ambush predators (Breining, 2003, p. 2). This shows he has taken time to get to know this fish. Second, he wants to share the story about pike with the public. He has a section devoted to dispelling myths, a section on how pike are being protected to have future trophy fish for the public, and he gives names of lakes where people can go to increase their chances of catching a trophy fish.
In the second article, the research report by Michael C. Mcinerny and Tim K. Cross, the authors are called to write for a specific reason. They wished to develop a procedure for when electrofishing would provide the best representation of largemouth bass populations, as evidenced by this statement:
However, little information is available addressing whether electrofishing during any of these sampling periods provides representative samples of largemouth bass populations.
(Mcinerny and Cross, 1996, p. 1).
The management implications section summarizes what they found to be the best electrofishing procedure to get the best population representation. Like for long-term monitoring programs they found "electrofishing should be done during the same time of day and season, and when the water clarity is similar." (Mcinerny and Cross, 1996, p. 11).
In the third article, the lake survey report, by the MPCA and MNDNR, the authors are called to write for three reasons. First, to summarize what was found during the survey. This is evidenced by the numerous graphs, tables, and figures summarizing data (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 2). Second, to provide base data for future surveys, experiments, and management decisions through the numerous graphs, tables, and figures throughout the document (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 4). Third, for fishermen to decide if they should fish there by providing data on what fish are there, their abundance, and their size (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 4).
Audience
Audience is one of the most important elements in genres. The authors intended audience will significantly shape what genre the author uses to convey their message, as there is a genre for just about every audience. The author must write in a format and use language that the intended audience will understand.
The first document, the public document by Greg Breining, the author 's intended audience is clearly the public, for four reasons. First, the article is published in the "Minnesota Conservation Volunteer", the MNDNR's public magazine, which is free and available to anyone at MNDNR offices. Second, Breining shares stories about his childhood, in order to connect with a broad, public audience:
The romance of the iconographic pike never faded. Through the years of my childhood, big pike adorned place mats and coasters, brochures and tourist maps. A massive pike slashing an airborne lure advertised the "brew that grew with the great Northwest." (Breining, 2003, p. 1)
Third he shares information on where to catch big pike in Minnesota (Breining, 2003, p. 4-5). Fourth most of the language used throughout the article is easy to understand, there is little scientific jargon.
In the second document, the research report by Mcinerny and Cross, the authors' intended audience is within the DNR and the scientific community. It is written in a format for a scientific journal, having an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and management irnplications section, as well as a list of references. There is rnuch scientific jargon that could be difficult to understand if the casual reader were to pick this document up and read it, as evidenced in this section:
Length-frequency distributions (10 mm length groups) of largemouth bass 2. 120 mm TL were calculated for each day-season sample period electrofished at each lake. (Mcinerny and Cross, 1996, p. 3)
It is also intended for the scientific community because of the tables, graphs, figures, and statistical analysis, such as Table 1(Mcinerny and Cross, 1996, p. 5). These tables, graphs, figures, and statistical analyses can be difficult to interpret if you are not used to working with them or seeing them.
The third document, the lake survey report by the MPCA and MNDNR, leans more toward the scientific community, but also has some information that is aimed towards the public/average fisherman. There are charts and images that could be difficult to interpret without training as well as some scientific jargon, such as:
Based on this record, summer-mean Secchi typically ranges from 0.7 to 1.7 meters, which is within or below (worse than) the typical range for a lake in the North Central Hardwood Forests ecoregion. (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 3)
The data in Table 3 would be useful to a common fisherman, giving them what type of fish are there, the abundance, and the size of the fish (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 5). Figure 1gives depth that would be useful to someone interested in fishing the lake (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 1).
Formatting and Visual Presentation
Formatting and visual presentation are how different genres are most easily distinguished. Without even reading a document you could scan it and tell a lot about it, like whether it is a scientific journal article or a public document. Formatting and visual presentation is decided after you choose your genre, but is a key characteristic of genres.
The first document, the public document by Greg Breining, follows a pretty basic format.
There is a title, author, and picture at the beginning. Paragraphs are in blocks across the whole page with simple headings separating each section, indicating it is likely a public document (Breining, 2003, p. 1-2). The end of the document gives some information on the article like you would see in a newspaper: Greg Breining is a contributing editor of the Volunteer and author of Fishing Minnesota, reissued this spring by University of Minnesota Press. (2003, p. 5)
The document also has larger, easier to read print indicating it is geared more towards the public. The second document, the research report by Mcinerny and Cross, has a distinct format.
It follows a research report similar to the IMRAD form. There is an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and management implications heading, indicating separate sections. Beyond the abstract, the paper is divided into two columns on each page, and there are numerous tables and figures, along with a long references section (Mcinerny and Cross, 1996, p. 1-12).
This indicates it is a professional scientific document, which could be submitted to a journal for review and publication.
The third article, the lake survey report by the MPCA and MNDNR, follows a form that indicates it is unique to the fisheries field. It is laid out with graphs, tables, and figures being the main focus of the paper (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 1-2). The text that is there is small and seems to give just a little background (MPCA and MNDNR, 2009, p. 3). Because of these things this document seems to be aimed slightly more towards someone in the fisheries field, as they would likely be able to interpret and make sense of the data the fastest with minimal explanation.
Conclusion
Understanding genre and genre repertoire are important to having a successful career in any field. Understanding the elements that make up genres will help you make the correct genre choice when communicating within or outside of your field. Through analyzing genres encountered in fisheries management, I have gained these skills and now feel much more comfortable communicating within and outside of the fisheries field.
References
Breining, G. (2003). For the Love of Pike. Minnesota Conservation Volunteer, May-June, 2003.
Retrieved September 28, 2010 from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/index.html.
Mcinerny, M.C., & Cross, T.K. (1996). Seasonal and Diel Variation in Electrofishing Size
Selectivity and Catch-per-Hour of Largemouth Bass in Minnesota Lakes. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Investigational Reports: Section of Fisheries, 451, 1- 12. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, & Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2009).
Belle Lake, Meeker County. Retrieved September 23, 2010 from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html.
Orlikowski, W., & Yates, J. (1994). Genre Repertoire: The Structuring of Communicative Practices of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39 (4), 541-574. Retrieved August 23, 2004 from http://www.jstor.com.
Behavioral Approach to Correctional Management and Rehabilitation
Abstract
This paper discusses the behavioral approaches, focusing on time-out as a behavioral management procedure when dealing with criminal offenders. I was able to compare time-out to other behavioral techniques, and it was evident that time-out is more effective when dealing with criminal offenders. This paper will explain how effective the time-out procedure is when dealing with offenders for treatment purposes in comparison to the amount of funding it takes for other programs. Reduction of recidivism will also be explained with expansion on relationship building, problem-solving and behavioral modification.
Behavioral Approach
The behavioral approach examines the individual's thoughts, feelings, and actions. It considers observations of emotional states and behavior patterns to determine whether these behaviors are based on what the individual wants or is simply a result of external factors such as genetics or upbringing. The behavioral approach to correctional management and rehabilitation views prisoners not as products of their environments but as active beings who must be engaged in efforts to change their behavior. The behavioral approach assumes that individuals can be taught to change with appropriate motivation and training. It has several advantages: it focuses on problem-solving, it emphasizes the importance of relationships, it is flexible, and it attempts to modify behavior by focusing on what needs to happen for change to occur. Perhaps most intriguingly, the behavioral approach embraces the idea that incarcerated individuals can control their behavior" (Gensheimer, 1987).
One of the behavioral approaches I will focus on is the time-out as a behavioral management procedure when dealing with undesirable behaviors by inmates. Time-out is a behavioral management procedure that involves placing an inmate in a time-out area for a brief period. It may be used as an alternative to punitive interventions, including confinement and isolation, as well as solitary confinement. The American Psychological Association defines a time-out as "a specific behavior management plan that consists of a prescribed sequence of positive and negative consequences followed by a cessation of activity" (Milan, 2014). In essence, time-out means nothing until it is over, and then you are allowed to start again. The goal for both staff and inmates alike is to allow them to self -correct through their participation in the program, so there is little need for further intervention. Time-out can be used to reduce the chance or probability of future offenses. This may lead to cost savings for taxpayers since it would reduce the need for follow-up services such as probation and parole. Time out can also be helpful in rehabilitation by allowing an individual's actions to have repercussions regarding their ability to behave in other areas.
Time-out has also proven effective when dealing with children when intrusive behavioral interventions have been tried, and they have proven ineffective. Time-out has been used in schools for decades and has proven to be an effective tool for behavior modification. Records show that time out does not cause children anxiety but helps them deal with challenging situations more effectively because of their unique temperament and needs. The purpose of time out is to reduce the probability that a child will engage in unwanted behavior. Parents or other family members can implement time-out independently as a behavioral management intervention or by an administrator with parental permission. Time-out has proven to be an effective way of reducing the frequency of a targeted behavior being repeated by a child or a young adult (Williams, 2006).
Time-out as a behavioral management procedure can be effective compared to response cost when dealing with an inmate. Time-out is instrumental because it teaches inmates to reflect on their actions and consider how they might have interrupted people's lives. Response cost is considered ineffectual because it fails to address why an inmate has behaved in such a way, making the situation worse than it would have been without response costs. Thus, the time-out will help inmates understand how their actions affect others and how they affect themselves (Burchard & Barrera, 1972).
Inmates respond to a time-out less negatively than to physical or verbal punishment. And depending on the level of response cost, it may not be effective in managing inmates according to behavioral standards. This is caused by the fact that time-outs are less likely to 'backfire' and result in even more damaging behavior than physical or verbal sanctions. One of the essential benefits of time-out is its ability to reduce tension, build self -control and increase discipline in inmates. Other benefits include increasing commitment by making offenders commit themselves fully to their programs and increasing compliance with orders given out by correctional staff members because the off ender feels the responsibility for his actions. Additionally, time-outs have been found to have some positive benefits for inmates. For example, it can help build cooperation among inmates, improve self-control and reduce fighting within a group, which can lead to positive results for safety purposes.'
The study of offenders' behavior and correctional management discovered that time-out was an applicable behavioral management procedure to deal with an inmate. It has been found that other less intrusive corrective management methods may not have reduced the number of incidents occurring at the jail. Still, time-out effectively minimizes the occurrence of these incidents. For example, if a group of inmates is engaging in disruptive behavior, excluding those involved will enable them to isolate those causing the commotion from others in the cell block. This can be achieved by allowing certain inmates to step outside for a set period - usually between one and fifteen minutes - while others who remain continue with their work or other activities.
Conclusion
The case study has demonstrated how behavioral management procedures are used to deal with inappropriate inmate behavior and how some corrections problems can be resolved using such a method. It also shows how time-out can effectively punish inmates who have committed crimes and put individuals and communities at risk. Funding will be reduced by using this type of approach versus some expensive program that proves not to be as effective. The key component with this technique should not be punishment but merely just a method to let the offender reflect on their actions however you cannot just place them in this type of time-out or confinement without offering any type of guidance for rehabilitation so not to reproduce the same action.
Reference
Milan, M. (2004). Behavioral approaches to correctional management and rehabilitation. The essential handbook of offender assessment and treatment, 47-62.
Gottschalk, R., Davidson II, W. S., Mayer, J., & Gensheimer, L. K. (1987). Behavioral approaches with juvenile offenders: A meta-analysis of long-term treatment efficacy. In E. K. Morris & C. J. Braukmann (Eds.), Behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency. New York: Plenum
Wolf, T. L., McLaughlin, T. F., & Williams, R. L. (2006). Time-out Interventions and Strategies: A Brief Review and Recommendations. International Journal of Special Education, 21(3), 22-29.
Burchard, J. D., & Barrera, F. (1972). AN ANALYSIS OF TIME-OUT AND RESPONSE COST IN A PROGRAMMED ENVIRONMENT 1. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 5(3), 271-282.
